Algonquin College Arithmetic Test Preparation AC-HPAT - A+ Rated Study Resource

Algonquin College Arithmetic Test Preparation AC-HPAT - A+ Rated Study Resource active transport - answer - movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. passive transport - answer - Requires NO energy, movement of molecules from high to low concentration, moves with the concentration gradient covalent bond - answer - A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule ionic bond - answer - Linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Such a bond forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom. allosteric bond - answer - The regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site. Substrate - answer - reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction substrate-enzyme complex - answer - The substrate connects to the enzyme to perform chemical reactions. It connects to the enzyme at the active site. substrate enzyme inhibition - answer - the substrate or product of an enzyme reaction inhibit the enzyme's activity. Carbohydrates - answer - Are sugar molecules- our body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs. Proteins - answer - Chains of amino acids Lipids - answer - Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. nucleic acids - answer - Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Lysosomes - answer - An organelle containing digestive enzymes Vacuole - answer - Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Mitochondria - answer - Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Ribosomes - answer - a cellular particle made of RNA and protein that serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer - An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer - System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm Golgi apparatus - answer - stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Hydroxyl - answer - the chemical group, ion, or radical OH that consists of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen and is neutral or negatively charged. Carbonyl - answer - a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. amino acids - answer - building blocks of proteins Phosphate - answer - an electrically charged particle that contains the mineral phosphorus PO₄³⁻ oxidation-reduction reaction - answer - any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains electrons); also called redox reaction Hydrolysis - answer - the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Condensation - answer - The change of state from a gas to a liquid Neutralization - answer - A reaction of an acid with a base, yielding a solution that is not as acidic or basic as the starting solutions were. passive transport - answer - movement of a solute from a region of high electrochemical potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower electrochemical potential on the opposite side. facilitated diffusion - answer - the passive movement of molecules across the c