RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
SCRIPT COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉ examples of secondary prevention
Answer: Self breast exams, yearly cancer screenings, proper
management of diabetes
◉ Tertiary level of prevention
Answer: -supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after
brain injury
◉ Examples of tertiary prevention
Answer: rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to correct
chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic
symptoms
◉ 3 stages of adaptation (GAS)
Answer: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
◉ adaptation/resistance stage
,Answer: trying to return to homeotasis
◉ alarm stage
Answer: fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone)
◉ exhaustion stage
Answer: cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted,
disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
◉ where is fluid excreted?
Answer: skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest
amount from urine)
◉ Causes of extracellular fluid deficits
Answer: loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive
sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
◉ what is the electrolyte pool?
Answer: bone marrow reservoir for calcium, magnesium and
phosphate
◉ causes of edema
, Answer: increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma
proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary
permeability
◉ Hypokalemia S/S
Answer: altered muscle function and weakness,Abd distention,
bloating, diminished bowels sounds, constipation, Dysrhythmias,
Flat T waves on ECG, hyper polarization leads to less reactive to
stimuli, postural hypo tension
◉ Hyperkalemia S/S
Answer: Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea,
muscle weakness starting in lower extremities and ascends,
Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest
◉ Hypocalcemia S/S
Answer: Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around
mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau
sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses')
Brady, brittle bones,
◉ Hypercalcemia S/S
Answer: Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria,
confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form
easily, risk for DVT
SCRIPT COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉ examples of secondary prevention
Answer: Self breast exams, yearly cancer screenings, proper
management of diabetes
◉ Tertiary level of prevention
Answer: -supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after
brain injury
◉ Examples of tertiary prevention
Answer: rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to correct
chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic
symptoms
◉ 3 stages of adaptation (GAS)
Answer: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
◉ adaptation/resistance stage
,Answer: trying to return to homeotasis
◉ alarm stage
Answer: fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone)
◉ exhaustion stage
Answer: cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted,
disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
◉ where is fluid excreted?
Answer: skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest
amount from urine)
◉ Causes of extracellular fluid deficits
Answer: loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive
sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
◉ what is the electrolyte pool?
Answer: bone marrow reservoir for calcium, magnesium and
phosphate
◉ causes of edema
, Answer: increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma
proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary
permeability
◉ Hypokalemia S/S
Answer: altered muscle function and weakness,Abd distention,
bloating, diminished bowels sounds, constipation, Dysrhythmias,
Flat T waves on ECG, hyper polarization leads to less reactive to
stimuli, postural hypo tension
◉ Hyperkalemia S/S
Answer: Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea,
muscle weakness starting in lower extremities and ascends,
Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest
◉ Hypocalcemia S/S
Answer: Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around
mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau
sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses')
Brady, brittle bones,
◉ Hypercalcemia S/S
Answer: Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria,
confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form
easily, risk for DVT
