Nursing Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM Review | Latest
Update 2026\2027 | Graded A+
1. Describe how acidosis can lead to hyperkalemia in a patient.
Acidosis directly increases aldosterone secretion.
Acidosis increases potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Acidosis has no effect on potassium levels.
Acidosis can cause hyperkalemia by shifting potassium from cells
into the bloodstream.
2. In a patient with chronic hypertension, what physiological change would you
expect to observe in the cardiac muscle cells over time?
Decreased length of myocardial cells
Increased size of myocardial cells (hypertrophy)
Increased excitability of myocardial cells
Decreased number of myocardial cells (atrophy)
3. What is the most severe form of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Eczema
Rhinitis
Urticaria
Conjunctivitis
Systemic anaphylaxis
4. Little Billy scraped his knee, upon assessment you notice...
Paleness at the site
, Increased hematocrit readings
decreased RBCs
Edema at injured site
5. Immediately following a break in the skin, phagocytes engulf bacteria within
the wound. This is an example of an immune response which is directed
against a pathogen.
Innate, nonspecific
Adaptive, specific
Innate, specific
Active, dangerous
Adaptive, nonspecific
6. What term describes the increase in size of cardiac myocardial cells in
response to increased workload?
Dysplasia
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
7. Describe how laxative abuse can lead to hypokalemia and its associated
symptoms.
Laxative abuse primarily affects blood sugar levels, leading to
hypoglycemia.
Laxative abuse has no effect on potassium levels in the body.
, Laxative abuse increases potassium absorption in the intestines,
causing hyperkalemia.
Laxative abuse can cause hypokalemia by promoting excessive loss
of potassium through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to muscle
weakness and cardiac abnormalities.
8. A 33-year-old woman has an abnormal cervical Pap smear. A cervical biopsy
reveals that the epithelium lacks normal polarity (shown in the image).
Individual cells display hyperchromatic nuclei, a larger nucleus-to-cytoplasm
ratio, and disorderly tissue arrangement. Which of the following adaptations
to chronic injury best describes these changes in the patient's cervical
epithelium?
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
9. In a scenario where a mutation in mRNA occurs, which step of protein
synthesis would be most directly affected?
Termination
Transcription
Replication
Translation
10. Which sugar is found in the structure of DNA?
Fructose
, Glucose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
11. Which of the steps of protein synthesis bring together individual amino acids
to build a protein chain?
translation
mRNA processing
post translational modification
gene activation
transcription
12. Which region of the brain is directly affected by a coup injury to the frontal
portion of the skull?
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
13. What is the main soruce of bleeding in epidural hematomas?
Sinus
Venous
Capillary
Arterial
Update 2026\2027 | Graded A+
1. Describe how acidosis can lead to hyperkalemia in a patient.
Acidosis directly increases aldosterone secretion.
Acidosis increases potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Acidosis has no effect on potassium levels.
Acidosis can cause hyperkalemia by shifting potassium from cells
into the bloodstream.
2. In a patient with chronic hypertension, what physiological change would you
expect to observe in the cardiac muscle cells over time?
Decreased length of myocardial cells
Increased size of myocardial cells (hypertrophy)
Increased excitability of myocardial cells
Decreased number of myocardial cells (atrophy)
3. What is the most severe form of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Eczema
Rhinitis
Urticaria
Conjunctivitis
Systemic anaphylaxis
4. Little Billy scraped his knee, upon assessment you notice...
Paleness at the site
, Increased hematocrit readings
decreased RBCs
Edema at injured site
5. Immediately following a break in the skin, phagocytes engulf bacteria within
the wound. This is an example of an immune response which is directed
against a pathogen.
Innate, nonspecific
Adaptive, specific
Innate, specific
Active, dangerous
Adaptive, nonspecific
6. What term describes the increase in size of cardiac myocardial cells in
response to increased workload?
Dysplasia
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
7. Describe how laxative abuse can lead to hypokalemia and its associated
symptoms.
Laxative abuse primarily affects blood sugar levels, leading to
hypoglycemia.
Laxative abuse has no effect on potassium levels in the body.
, Laxative abuse increases potassium absorption in the intestines,
causing hyperkalemia.
Laxative abuse can cause hypokalemia by promoting excessive loss
of potassium through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to muscle
weakness and cardiac abnormalities.
8. A 33-year-old woman has an abnormal cervical Pap smear. A cervical biopsy
reveals that the epithelium lacks normal polarity (shown in the image).
Individual cells display hyperchromatic nuclei, a larger nucleus-to-cytoplasm
ratio, and disorderly tissue arrangement. Which of the following adaptations
to chronic injury best describes these changes in the patient's cervical
epithelium?
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
9. In a scenario where a mutation in mRNA occurs, which step of protein
synthesis would be most directly affected?
Termination
Transcription
Replication
Translation
10. Which sugar is found in the structure of DNA?
Fructose
, Glucose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
11. Which of the steps of protein synthesis bring together individual amino acids
to build a protein chain?
translation
mRNA processing
post translational modification
gene activation
transcription
12. Which region of the brain is directly affected by a coup injury to the frontal
portion of the skull?
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
13. What is the main soruce of bleeding in epidural hematomas?
Sinus
Venous
Capillary
Arterial
