AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
G*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
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Exam
AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
Exam 3 Study Guide .pdf*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!
Exam 3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&
Exam 3 Stu
Exam 3 Study Guide
Renal:
-The renal system is in charge of :ltering the blood, keeping ?uid levels in check, excreAng
things we don’t want, balancing pH, and overall making sure we get the bad things out and keep
the good things in
-The kidneys also make erythropoieAn which is in charge of forming RBCs and also acAvates
vitamin D
Acute Kidney Injury: (within a day or two)
■ This happens suddenly
■ The buildup of nitrogen waste products in the body (azotemia) causes creaAnine to go
up and causes urine output changes – this happens when they kidneys don’t work, it is
essenAally the start of acute kidney failure
■ PotenAally reversible if we catch it early
■ Classi:caAons
– RIFLE criteria (looking at risk, injury, failure, loss, ESRD – taking about stages)
– Increased morbidity and mortality – it is important to :nd the cause of this and
treat it immediately
■ Oliguria (decreased urine output) – acute kidney failure can happen with or without
oliguria. We want someone to pee 0.5mL/kg/hour or 400 cc/day – weight a[ects this
■ PrevenAon of high-risk categories and those in ICU – prevent them from ge]ng CT
contrast, prevent hypovolemia, prevent these bigger issues and look for alternaAve
opAons for things
Causes of AKI: all of these happen within a few days and go through stages 1,2,&3
■ Pre- renal (causes happening prior to hi]ng the renal system)
– Fluid de0cit (any type of ?uid loss; blood, water, ect – anyone having
hypovolemic episodes can cause this)
– Sepsis (this is a hypovolemic issue)
■ Intrinsic (actual renal damage to parts of the kidneys)
– Cellular lysis (anything that gets a clot stuck)
– Nephrotoxic agents (NSAIDs, ASA, CT contrast, Vancomycin)
– Viral infec>ons/autoimmune stuA (lupus)
■ Post-renal (something ader the kidney is causing the issue)
– Obstruc>on (a kinked foley, cancer, BPH resulAng in the inability to urinate and
pass the toxins/?uid)
Chronic Renal Failure: (switches over at about 12 weeks/3 months of being acute)
■ Gradual and Progressive
– Can be from unresolved AKI
■ Irreversible once you are deemed chronic from having low GFR, oliguria, and just an
unresolving issue
■ Stages of damage (chronic has 5 stages, 5 is ESRD)
This study source was downloaded by 1827175 from cliffsnotes.com on 01-13-2026 17:42:33 GMT -06:00
AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
G*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
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ExamAM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/30638814 Exam 3 Study Guide .pdf*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!
Exam 3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&
Exam 3 Stu
G*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
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Exam
AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
Exam 3 Study Guide .pdf*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!
Exam 3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&
Exam 3 Stu
Exam 3 Study Guide
Renal:
-The renal system is in charge of :ltering the blood, keeping ?uid levels in check, excreAng
things we don’t want, balancing pH, and overall making sure we get the bad things out and keep
the good things in
-The kidneys also make erythropoieAn which is in charge of forming RBCs and also acAvates
vitamin D
Acute Kidney Injury: (within a day or two)
■ This happens suddenly
■ The buildup of nitrogen waste products in the body (azotemia) causes creaAnine to go
up and causes urine output changes – this happens when they kidneys don’t work, it is
essenAally the start of acute kidney failure
■ PotenAally reversible if we catch it early
■ Classi:caAons
– RIFLE criteria (looking at risk, injury, failure, loss, ESRD – taking about stages)
– Increased morbidity and mortality – it is important to :nd the cause of this and
treat it immediately
■ Oliguria (decreased urine output) – acute kidney failure can happen with or without
oliguria. We want someone to pee 0.5mL/kg/hour or 400 cc/day – weight a[ects this
■ PrevenAon of high-risk categories and those in ICU – prevent them from ge]ng CT
contrast, prevent hypovolemia, prevent these bigger issues and look for alternaAve
opAons for things
Causes of AKI: all of these happen within a few days and go through stages 1,2,&3
■ Pre- renal (causes happening prior to hi]ng the renal system)
– Fluid de0cit (any type of ?uid loss; blood, water, ect – anyone having
hypovolemic episodes can cause this)
– Sepsis (this is a hypovolemic issue)
■ Intrinsic (actual renal damage to parts of the kidneys)
– Cellular lysis (anything that gets a clot stuck)
– Nephrotoxic agents (NSAIDs, ASA, CT contrast, Vancomycin)
– Viral infec>ons/autoimmune stuA (lupus)
■ Post-renal (something ader the kidney is causing the issue)
– Obstruc>on (a kinked foley, cancer, BPH resulAng in the inability to urinate and
pass the toxins/?uid)
Chronic Renal Failure: (switches over at about 12 weeks/3 months of being acute)
■ Gradual and Progressive
– Can be from unresolved AKI
■ Irreversible once you are deemed chronic from having low GFR, oliguria, and just an
unresolving issue
■ Stages of damage (chronic has 5 stages, 5 is ESRD)
This study source was downloaded by 1827175 from cliffsnotes.com on 01-13-2026 17:42:33 GMT -06:00
AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
G*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
Page 1 of 410/16/2026, 5:42:03
ExamAM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*Renal
3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!*&$!*#)(!*##(*0Renal
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/30638814 Exam 3 Study Guide .pdf*&!#%#&&!%%#^#^&^!#&*^&^*#!(FG*T!^&*#*((*!#&()#_)#!
Exam 3 Study Guide 10/16/2026, 5:42:03 AM*&!#%#&&
Exam 3 Stu
