^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Arch 101 Final Exam Notes
Module 7: Technology, Trade, and Exchange - ANS-
7.1 Lithic Technology: Stone Tools - ANS-
Lithic Technology: making stone tools - ANS--Pre-Olduwan (Ethiopia)
^~3.3 million years old
-Oldowan Industry: (oldest stone tools known)
^Earliest stone tools was found at the Gona sites (2.6 mya)
^made by the Australopithecus garhi
-Manufacturing/Reduction Technologies made:
^Flaked Stone
^Ground Stone
These First appears during late Paleolithic
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping) Cores and Flakes
Suitable materials: (what is needed in order to make stone tools):
^are Isotropic,
^and Cryptocrystaline.
^it Produces conchoidal fracture (which are shell-shaped fractured which creates what's
needed to make a stone stool)
^Glass, obsidian, chert, flint, basalt, andesite, chalcedony, quartzite
Flaked Stone has Distinctive Breakage Patterns: - ANS-When a stone is knapped, it will
fracture the surface into a shape much like a shell.
^----Bulb of Percussion: the process of smashing the rock with another rock
^The bulb of percussion is located on the ventral side of a flake on the proximal end.
^The bulb of percussion is formed through the percussion of the hammer stone.
^The bulb of percussion can be present, absent, or defused; ad these types of bulbs
made will indicate the type of percussion used (i.e. hard (using another rock to smash it)
or soft hammer (smashing wood to the rock) will create different types of bulb of
percussion.
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
,^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping):
Cores (the main part of the rock)~ (the flakes break off from this core of the rock). The
flakes are the best to use in stone tools since they are very sharp.
^Simple flakes (most of us can make these types of flakes)
^Complex flakes (most skilled craftsman can make)
(Prepared blade cores)-blade cutting tools
(Levallois)->technique in which you strike the core to make a very specific flake which
takes more time to do.
Flake: what is a flake that breaks off the rocks - ANS--A flake is any piece of stone that
has been chipped away from another piece of stone.
-Flakes occur in many different forms (big and thin, small and thick, etc.
Flakes of the rocks are the piece used in stone tools because they're sharp
Flake Terminology: - ANS--Proximal End: the location of the end of the flake/blade
where the removal blow was struck (where the part of the rock gets hit) to give us the
flake.
^^^The proximal end contains the butt and the bulb of percussion and is therefore
sometimes referred to as a bulbar end.
-Distal End: the location of the rock that is the end of a flake or blade opposite to the
point of impact.
-Dorsal Surface: outer or upper side of the flake or blade which carries the scars and
ridges of previous removals. (Back side of the rock)
-Ventral Surface: surface of the flake or blade which originally faced into the
nodule/core. (Front side of the rock)
Flaked Stone (created by the process of Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
,^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform (where the actual impact happens)
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform
->Arris (the scars left after flakes breaks)
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform
->Arris
->Cortex (outter part of the rock exposed to elements)
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform
->Arris
->Cortex
->Flake axis (striking platform to the bulb of platform is its distance and angle of the
flake axis) - ANS-
Creating Flakes (the process is done through a process called Flintknapping)
Flintknapping Techniques: (how to create flakes)
^Direct percussion (just hitting of the rock)
^Hard-hammer (using a harder material than the rock we are breaking)
^Soft-hammer (using a bone or other soft item to break the rock for its flakes)
^Bipolar (taking flakes off of same core but taking it from different directions)
^Anvil technique (setting your stone on top of a big stone and smashing it down on that
big stone platform (has a bit of bipolar force too)
^Indirect percussion (using an intermediate material when breaking) like a hammer and
a chisel as a modern example
^Pressure flaking (using the percussion with something sharp to pop the flakes off
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Debitage (waste material, garbage of the rock we don't use, like the dust and small
useless pieces)
^Utilized flakes (flakes used for anything (hunting, cu - ANS-
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
,^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Types of Flakes: - ANS--Primary flakes (most of the cortex (outter surface of the rock)
still present
^First flakes off the core
^The flakes have more than 50% of the cortex (outer surface of the rock) present.
-Secondary flakes (less cortex [outter surface of the rock]) but cortex is still present
during the flaking process.
^Second group of flakes off core
^Cortex is less than 50% of the flake so the amount of Cortex (outer surface of the rock)
is less in secondary flakes than in the primary flakes .
-Tertiary flakes
^No cortex present (no outer surface of the rock present) in these flakes (cortex for the
Tertiary flakes are all gone)
^Retouch: modifying the flakes to make them even sharper - ANS--Intentional
modification of a flake or blade in order to shape it and prepare it for use.
^This may include sharpening an edge, blunting an edge or thinning a flake or blade.
This can make the blade sharper (more useful) and last longer.
Biface tools:
A type of tool made through resharpening both sides of the blade - ANS--A tool that has
been retouched on both its surfaces. (For example for the stone tool to be able to be
used in a different way)
Expedient Tools:
Tools you quickly make, no need to resharpen since they are usually used once. -
ANS--Flakes are produced in an opportunistic manner from informal cores (amorphous).
These tools aren't fancy, just has to be able to cut.
^Expedient Tools are not retouched and often times only used once in one activity and
discarded.
-Most common in sedentary societies.
"Why Look at Rocks, Anyway?":
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Arch 101 Final Exam Notes
Module 7: Technology, Trade, and Exchange - ANS-
7.1 Lithic Technology: Stone Tools - ANS-
Lithic Technology: making stone tools - ANS--Pre-Olduwan (Ethiopia)
^~3.3 million years old
-Oldowan Industry: (oldest stone tools known)
^Earliest stone tools was found at the Gona sites (2.6 mya)
^made by the Australopithecus garhi
-Manufacturing/Reduction Technologies made:
^Flaked Stone
^Ground Stone
These First appears during late Paleolithic
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping) Cores and Flakes
Suitable materials: (what is needed in order to make stone tools):
^are Isotropic,
^and Cryptocrystaline.
^it Produces conchoidal fracture (which are shell-shaped fractured which creates what's
needed to make a stone stool)
^Glass, obsidian, chert, flint, basalt, andesite, chalcedony, quartzite
Flaked Stone has Distinctive Breakage Patterns: - ANS-When a stone is knapped, it will
fracture the surface into a shape much like a shell.
^----Bulb of Percussion: the process of smashing the rock with another rock
^The bulb of percussion is located on the ventral side of a flake on the proximal end.
^The bulb of percussion is formed through the percussion of the hammer stone.
^The bulb of percussion can be present, absent, or defused; ad these types of bulbs
made will indicate the type of percussion used (i.e. hard (using another rock to smash it)
or soft hammer (smashing wood to the rock) will create different types of bulb of
percussion.
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
,^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping):
Cores (the main part of the rock)~ (the flakes break off from this core of the rock). The
flakes are the best to use in stone tools since they are very sharp.
^Simple flakes (most of us can make these types of flakes)
^Complex flakes (most skilled craftsman can make)
(Prepared blade cores)-blade cutting tools
(Levallois)->technique in which you strike the core to make a very specific flake which
takes more time to do.
Flake: what is a flake that breaks off the rocks - ANS--A flake is any piece of stone that
has been chipped away from another piece of stone.
-Flakes occur in many different forms (big and thin, small and thick, etc.
Flakes of the rocks are the piece used in stone tools because they're sharp
Flake Terminology: - ANS--Proximal End: the location of the end of the flake/blade
where the removal blow was struck (where the part of the rock gets hit) to give us the
flake.
^^^The proximal end contains the butt and the bulb of percussion and is therefore
sometimes referred to as a bulbar end.
-Distal End: the location of the rock that is the end of a flake or blade opposite to the
point of impact.
-Dorsal Surface: outer or upper side of the flake or blade which carries the scars and
ridges of previous removals. (Back side of the rock)
-Ventral Surface: surface of the flake or blade which originally faced into the
nodule/core. (Front side of the rock)
Flaked Stone (created by the process of Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
,^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform (where the actual impact happens)
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform
->Arris (the scars left after flakes breaks)
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform
->Arris
->Cortex (outter part of the rock exposed to elements)
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Flake features: ->Bulb of percussion
->Striking platform
->Arris
->Cortex
->Flake axis (striking platform to the bulb of platform is its distance and angle of the
flake axis) - ANS-
Creating Flakes (the process is done through a process called Flintknapping)
Flintknapping Techniques: (how to create flakes)
^Direct percussion (just hitting of the rock)
^Hard-hammer (using a harder material than the rock we are breaking)
^Soft-hammer (using a bone or other soft item to break the rock for its flakes)
^Bipolar (taking flakes off of same core but taking it from different directions)
^Anvil technique (setting your stone on top of a big stone and smashing it down on that
big stone platform (has a bit of bipolar force too)
^Indirect percussion (using an intermediate material when breaking) like a hammer and
a chisel as a modern example
^Pressure flaking (using the percussion with something sharp to pop the flakes off
Flaked Stone (Flintknapping)
^Debitage (waste material, garbage of the rock we don't use, like the dust and small
useless pieces)
^Utilized flakes (flakes used for anything (hunting, cu - ANS-
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
,^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
nal Exam(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U890
Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@
1:39:29 PM
Types of Flakes: - ANS--Primary flakes (most of the cortex (outter surface of the rock)
still present
^First flakes off the core
^The flakes have more than 50% of the cortex (outer surface of the rock) present.
-Secondary flakes (less cortex [outter surface of the rock]) but cortex is still present
during the flaking process.
^Second group of flakes off core
^Cortex is less than 50% of the flake so the amount of Cortex (outer surface of the rock)
is less in secondary flakes than in the primary flakes .
-Tertiary flakes
^No cortex present (no outer surface of the rock present) in these flakes (cortex for the
Tertiary flakes are all gone)
^Retouch: modifying the flakes to make them even sharper - ANS--Intentional
modification of a flake or blade in order to shape it and prepare it for use.
^This may include sharpening an edge, blunting an edge or thinning a flake or blade.
This can make the blade sharper (more useful) and last longer.
Biface tools:
A type of tool made through resharpening both sides of the blade - ANS--A tool that has
been retouched on both its surfaces. (For example for the stone tool to be able to be
used in a different way)
Expedient Tools:
Tools you quickly make, no need to resharpen since they are usually used once. -
ANS--Flakes are produced in an opportunistic manner from informal cores (amorphous).
These tools aren't fancy, just has to be able to cut.
^Expedient Tools are not retouched and often times only used once in one activity and
discarded.
-Most common in sedentary societies.
"Why Look at Rocks, Anyway?":
^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U89010/19/2026,
am Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@R)(@+_R)R_(R@))(!))*)_~)~()@(@))U
2026/10/19Arch 101 Final Exam Notes.pdf(*&*@T*^#&*^&$^&^&*$^*&^@*&$@$*%*$&^+*&T@$^&$@**&$@^$*&@$^*&$@@^$@&$R^RF&V&EBD*&DBN(*OIU@
1:39:29 PM
