BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ pathogens
Answer: disease-producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses
◉ susceptibility
Answer: vulnerability or lack of resistance
◉ innate (nonspecific) immunity
Answer: refers to defences that are present at birth. Does not
involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all
microbes in the same way. Represent immunity's early warning
system and are designed to prevent microbes from entering the
body and to help eliminate those that do gain access.
◉ adaptive (specific) immunity
Answer: refers to defences that involve specific recognition of a
microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defences. Role
of lymphatic system. This system is closely allied with the
cardiovascular system, and it also functions with the digestive
system in the absorption of fatty foods.
◉ Lymphatic system
,Answer: consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic
vessels that transport the lymph, a number of structures and
organs containing lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes within a filtering
tissue), and red bone marrow. Assists in circulating body fluids
and helps defend the body against disease-causing agents.
◉ lymph
Answer: fluid of lymphatic system. Most components of blood
plasma filter through blood capillary walls to form interstitial
fluid. After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is
called this.
◉ lymphatic tissue
Answer: specialized form of reticular connective tissue that
contains large numbers of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).
◉ functions of the lymphatic system
Answer: 1. Drains excess interstitial fluid: Lymphatic vessels drain
excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the
blood. This function closely links it with the cardiovascular
system. In fact, without this function, the maintenance of
circulating blood volume would not be possible.
2. Transports dietary lipids: Lymphatic vessels transport lipids
and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the
gastrointestinal tract.
,3. Carries out immune responses: Lymphatic tissue initiates
highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or
abnormal cells.
◉ Lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation
Answer: lymph passes from lymphatic capillaries into lymphatic
vessels and then through lymph nodes. Tissues that lack
lymphatic capillaries include avascular tissues (such as cartilage,
the epidermis, and the cornea of the eye), the central nervous
system, portions of the spleen, and red bone marrow.
◉ Lymphatic capillaries
Answer: have greater permeability than blood capillaries and thus
can absorb large molecules such as proteins and lipids. Also
slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries and have a
unique one-way structure that permits interstitial fluid to flow
into them but not out.
◉ Lacteals
Answer: specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine
that carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels and ultimately into
the blood.
◉ Chyle
Answer: lymph fluid that appears creamy-white due to the
presence of dietary lipids drained from the small intestine.
Normally, lymph is a clear, pale-yellow fluid.
, ◉ Lymphatic vessels
Answer: resemble small veins in structure but have thinner walls
and more valves. In the skin, they lie in the subcutaneous tissue
and generally follow the same route as veins; those of the viscera
generally follow arteries, forming plexuses around them.
◉ Lymph trunks
Answer: formed as lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a
particular region of the body and unite. Principal ones are the
lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.
◉ Lymph ducts
Answer: two main channels into which lymph from the trunks
pass. From these, lymph drains into venous blood.
◉ Thoracic duct (left lymphatic)
Answer: main duct for the return of lymph to blood. Receives
lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left
upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs.
◉ Cisterna chyli
Answer: an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a
storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the
venous system
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ pathogens
Answer: disease-producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses
◉ susceptibility
Answer: vulnerability or lack of resistance
◉ innate (nonspecific) immunity
Answer: refers to defences that are present at birth. Does not
involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all
microbes in the same way. Represent immunity's early warning
system and are designed to prevent microbes from entering the
body and to help eliminate those that do gain access.
◉ adaptive (specific) immunity
Answer: refers to defences that involve specific recognition of a
microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defences. Role
of lymphatic system. This system is closely allied with the
cardiovascular system, and it also functions with the digestive
system in the absorption of fatty foods.
◉ Lymphatic system
,Answer: consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic
vessels that transport the lymph, a number of structures and
organs containing lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes within a filtering
tissue), and red bone marrow. Assists in circulating body fluids
and helps defend the body against disease-causing agents.
◉ lymph
Answer: fluid of lymphatic system. Most components of blood
plasma filter through blood capillary walls to form interstitial
fluid. After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is
called this.
◉ lymphatic tissue
Answer: specialized form of reticular connective tissue that
contains large numbers of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).
◉ functions of the lymphatic system
Answer: 1. Drains excess interstitial fluid: Lymphatic vessels drain
excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the
blood. This function closely links it with the cardiovascular
system. In fact, without this function, the maintenance of
circulating blood volume would not be possible.
2. Transports dietary lipids: Lymphatic vessels transport lipids
and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the
gastrointestinal tract.
,3. Carries out immune responses: Lymphatic tissue initiates
highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or
abnormal cells.
◉ Lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation
Answer: lymph passes from lymphatic capillaries into lymphatic
vessels and then through lymph nodes. Tissues that lack
lymphatic capillaries include avascular tissues (such as cartilage,
the epidermis, and the cornea of the eye), the central nervous
system, portions of the spleen, and red bone marrow.
◉ Lymphatic capillaries
Answer: have greater permeability than blood capillaries and thus
can absorb large molecules such as proteins and lipids. Also
slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries and have a
unique one-way structure that permits interstitial fluid to flow
into them but not out.
◉ Lacteals
Answer: specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine
that carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels and ultimately into
the blood.
◉ Chyle
Answer: lymph fluid that appears creamy-white due to the
presence of dietary lipids drained from the small intestine.
Normally, lymph is a clear, pale-yellow fluid.
, ◉ Lymphatic vessels
Answer: resemble small veins in structure but have thinner walls
and more valves. In the skin, they lie in the subcutaneous tissue
and generally follow the same route as veins; those of the viscera
generally follow arteries, forming plexuses around them.
◉ Lymph trunks
Answer: formed as lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a
particular region of the body and unite. Principal ones are the
lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.
◉ Lymph ducts
Answer: two main channels into which lymph from the trunks
pass. From these, lymph drains into venous blood.
◉ Thoracic duct (left lymphatic)
Answer: main duct for the return of lymph to blood. Receives
lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left
upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs.
◉ Cisterna chyli
Answer: an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a
storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the
venous system
