WGU D425 ADVANCED DATA
MANAGEMENT FINAL EXAM
PREPARATION QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026/2027.
1. Which normal form is violated if a non-key attribute is functionally dependent on a part of
a composite primary key?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: 2NF requires that all non-key attributes are fully functionally
dependent on the entire primary key, not just a portion of it.
2. In a relational database, what is the primary difference between a stored procedure and a
function?
A. Functions must return a value and cannot modify the database state, while procedures
do not require a return value and can perform DML operations.
B. Stored procedures must return a single scalar value.
,C. Functions cannot accept parameters, while procedures can.
D. There is no difference; they are interchangeable in all SQL dialects.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Functions are generally intended for calculations and must
return a value, whereas procedures are used for business logic and can perform operations
like INSERT or UPDATE.
3. Which keyword is used in a SQL trigger to access the data as it existed before an UPDATE
operation?
A. PREVIOUS
B. NEW
C. BEFORE
D. OLD
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In standard SQL triggers, the ‘OLD’ keyword (or ‘DELETED’ in T-
SQL) refers to the state of the row before the update.
4. A database index that physically reorders the records in a table to match the index is called
a:
A. Non-clustered index
B. Hash index
, C. Bitmap index
D. Clustered index
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A clustered index determines the physical order of data in a
table. There can only be one clustered index per table.
5. Which isolation level prevents ‘Dirty Reads’ but still allows ‘Non-repeatable Reads’?
A. Read Uncommitted
B. Read Committed
C. Repeatable Read
D. Serializable
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Read Committed ensures that only committed data is read
(preventing dirty reads), but the data might change if read again (non-repeatable read).
6. In the context of the ACID properties, which property ensures that a transaction is all-or-
nothing?
A. Isolation
B. Consistency
C. Atomicity
MANAGEMENT FINAL EXAM
PREPARATION QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026/2027.
1. Which normal form is violated if a non-key attribute is functionally dependent on a part of
a composite primary key?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: 2NF requires that all non-key attributes are fully functionally
dependent on the entire primary key, not just a portion of it.
2. In a relational database, what is the primary difference between a stored procedure and a
function?
A. Functions must return a value and cannot modify the database state, while procedures
do not require a return value and can perform DML operations.
B. Stored procedures must return a single scalar value.
,C. Functions cannot accept parameters, while procedures can.
D. There is no difference; they are interchangeable in all SQL dialects.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Functions are generally intended for calculations and must
return a value, whereas procedures are used for business logic and can perform operations
like INSERT or UPDATE.
3. Which keyword is used in a SQL trigger to access the data as it existed before an UPDATE
operation?
A. PREVIOUS
B. NEW
C. BEFORE
D. OLD
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In standard SQL triggers, the ‘OLD’ keyword (or ‘DELETED’ in T-
SQL) refers to the state of the row before the update.
4. A database index that physically reorders the records in a table to match the index is called
a:
A. Non-clustered index
B. Hash index
, C. Bitmap index
D. Clustered index
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A clustered index determines the physical order of data in a
table. There can only be one clustered index per table.
5. Which isolation level prevents ‘Dirty Reads’ but still allows ‘Non-repeatable Reads’?
A. Read Uncommitted
B. Read Committed
C. Repeatable Read
D. Serializable
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Read Committed ensures that only committed data is read
(preventing dirty reads), but the data might change if read again (non-repeatable read).
6. In the context of the ACID properties, which property ensures that a transaction is all-or-
nothing?
A. Isolation
B. Consistency
C. Atomicity
