NR 507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
2026/2027. CHAMBERLAIN
1. A patient exhibits a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature
cell type. What is this cellular adaptation called?
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less mature cell type, often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. An ECG shows peaked T waves and a widened QRS complex. Which electrolyte imbalance
should the clinician suspect?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
,C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia causes membrane hypopolarization, leading to
peaked T waves, prolonged PR intervals, and widened QRS complexes.
3. Which genetic condition is characterized by the presence of a 47,XXY karyotype?
A. Klinefelter Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome
C. Turner Syndrome
D. Cri du Chat Syndrome
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by at least two X
chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY).
4. A patient experiences an immediate Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Which antibody is
primarily responsible for this response?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
, D. IgA
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE binding to
mast cells, triggering degranulation and histamine release.
5. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a pH of 7.25 and a PaCO2
of 55 mmHg. What is the acid-base diagnosis?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Metabolic Acidosis
C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a low pH (<7.35) and an
elevated PaCO2 (>45 mmHg) due to alveolar hypoventilation.
6. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in carbon monoxide poisoning?
A. Inhibition of ATP production via glycolysis
B. Direct damage to the cell membrane lipid bilayer
C. Release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytosol
D. Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
2026/2027. CHAMBERLAIN
1. A patient exhibits a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature
cell type. What is this cellular adaptation called?
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less mature cell type, often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. An ECG shows peaked T waves and a widened QRS complex. Which electrolyte imbalance
should the clinician suspect?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
,C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia causes membrane hypopolarization, leading to
peaked T waves, prolonged PR intervals, and widened QRS complexes.
3. Which genetic condition is characterized by the presence of a 47,XXY karyotype?
A. Klinefelter Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome
C. Turner Syndrome
D. Cri du Chat Syndrome
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by at least two X
chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY).
4. A patient experiences an immediate Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Which antibody is
primarily responsible for this response?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
, D. IgA
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE binding to
mast cells, triggering degranulation and histamine release.
5. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a pH of 7.25 and a PaCO2
of 55 mmHg. What is the acid-base diagnosis?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Metabolic Acidosis
C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a low pH (<7.35) and an
elevated PaCO2 (>45 mmHg) due to alveolar hypoventilation.
6. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in carbon monoxide poisoning?
A. Inhibition of ATP production via glycolysis
B. Direct damage to the cell membrane lipid bilayer
C. Release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytosol
D. Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin
