Epidemiology Midterm and Final Exam Questions and Answers Updated 2027.

Epidemiology Midterm and Final
Exam Questions and Answers
Updated 2027
OddsBRatioB-BBB(NumberBofBpairsBwithBcaseBexposedBandBcontrolBnon-
exposed)/(NumberBofBpairsBwithBcontrolBexposedBandBcaseBnon-exposed)



ProportionateBMortalityB-
BBB(Num.BofBdeathsBdueBtoBaBspecificBdiseaseBinBaBpopulationBatBaBspecificBtime)/(T
otalBdeathsBinBtheBpopulationBatBtheBsameBtime)BXB100



AnnualBMortalityBRateB-
BBB(TotalBnumberBofBdeathsBfromBallBcausesBinB1Byear)/(NumberBofBpersonBiBtheBpo
pulaitonBatBmidyear)BXB1,000



RelativeBSurvivalB-
BBB(ObservedBsurvivalBinBpersonsBwithBtheBdisease)/(ExpectedBsurvivalBifBdiseaseBwer
eBabsent)BXB1,000



CrudeBMortalityBRateB-
BBB(TotalBnumberBofBdeathsBfromBallBcausesBforBaBspecifiedBtimeBperiod)/(TotalBpopu
lationBforBtheBsameBgeographicBareaBforBspecifiedBtimeBperiod)BXB100,000



Case-FatalityB-
BBB(Num.ofBpersonsBdyingBduringBaBspecifiedBtimeBperiodBafterBaBspecificBdiseaseBo
nset)/(Num.ofBpersonsBwithBtheBdiseaseB)BXB100



StandardizedBMortalityBRatioB-
BBB(ObservedBnumberBofBDeathsBperByear)/(ExpectedBnumberBofBDeathsBperByear)BX
B100

,IncidenceBRateB-
BBB(Num.BofBnewBcasesBofBaBdiseaseBoccuringBinBaBpopulationBduringBaBspecifiedBti
meBperiod)/(Num.ofBpersonsBatBriskBofBdevelopingBdiseaseBduringBtheBsameBtimeBper
iod)BXB1,000



PrevalenceB-
BBB(NumberBofBcasesBofBaBdiseaseBpresentBinBaBpopulationBatBaBspecifiedBtime)/(Nu
mberBofBpersonsBinBaBpopulationBatBtheBsameBspecifiedBtime)BXB1,000



KAPPABStatisticB-BBB((PercentBagreementBobserved-
PercentBagreementBexpectedBbyBchanceBalone)B)/((100%-
PercentBagreementBexpectedBbyBchance))



RelativeBRiskB(RiskBRatio)B-BBB(IncidenceBinBExposedB)/(IncidenceBinBtheBnon-exposed)



CauseBSpecificBMortalityBRateB-
BBB(NumberBofBDeathsBdueBtoBaBspecificBdiseaseBinBaBpopulationBatBaBspecificBtime)
/(TotalBpopulationBatBtheBsameBspecifiedBtime)BXB1,000



AttackBRateB-
BBB(NumberBofBpeopleBatBriskBwhoBdevelopBanBillnessBorBdiseaseBoverBaBshortBtime
BperiodB)/(TotalBNumberBofBpersonsBatBriskBforBtheBillnessBorBdiseaseBoverBtheBsame
BtimeBperiod)



SecondaryBAttackBRateB-
BBB(NumberBofBcasesBamongBsusceptibleBcontactsBofBtheBprimaryBcasesB)/(TotalBnum
berBofBcontactsBexposed)BXB1,000



SensitivityB-
BBB(NumberBofBpeopleBwhoBtestBpositiveB)/(NumberBofBpeopleBwithBdiseaseB)BXB100



SpecificityB-
BBB(NumberBofBpeopleBwhoBtestBnegativeB)/(NumberBofBpeopleBdiseaseBfree)BXB100

,OddsBratio-matchedB-BBB(NumberBofBpairsBwithBcaseBexposedBandBcontrolBnon-
exposed)/(NumberBofBpairsBwithBcontrolBexposedBandBcaseBnon-exposed)



OddsBRatioB-
BBB(OddsBofBexposureBamongBdiseasedB)/(OddsBofBexposureBamongBnon-diseased)



WhichBstatementBconveysBtheBunderlyingBpremiseBinBepidemiology?B-
BBBDiseaseB(illBhealth)BisBnotBrandomlyBdistributedBinBpopulationsBbyBperson,Btime,B
andBplace



TheBSpanishBFluBofB1917BisBanBexampleBofBa(n)B___________,BbecauseBofBitsBworld
wideBoccurrence.B-BBBPandemic



((𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟B𝑜𝑓B𝑁𝐸𝑊B𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠B𝑜𝑓B𝑎B𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒B𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟B𝑎B𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒B𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑)/(𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛B𝑎𝑡B𝑟𝑖𝑠
𝑘B))∗1000B-BBBIncidenceBRate



SensitivityBandBSpecificityBareBmeasuresBofB_________,BoftenBassociatedBwithB______
_________:B-BBBValidityB/BScreeningBTests



InBtheBpriorBquestion,BitBwasBnotedBthatBtheBRelativeBRiskBwasB5.0.BHowBwouldByou
BinterpretBthisBstatistic?



a)BPositiveBAssociation;BexposedBpeopleBareBatBgreaterBriskBtoBtheBoutcomeBcompare
BtoBnon-exposedBpeople

b)BNegativeBAssociation;BexposedBpeopleBhaveBaBnegativeBexperience

c)BPositiveBAssociation;BexposedBpeopleBareBexactlyB5%BmoreBlikelyBtoBexperienceBth
eBoutcomeB

d)BNegativeBAssociation;BexposedBpeopleBareBexactlyB5BtimesBmoreBlikelyBtoBexperien
ceBtheBoutcomeB-
BBBa)BPositiveBAssociation;BexposedBpeopleBareBatBgreaterBriskBtoBtheBoutcomeBcom
pareBtoBnon-exposedBpeople

, InB2003BanBepidemicBofBSARsBoccurred.BDuringBtheBepidemicB8098BpeopleBwereBdia
gnosedBwithBSARS,BofBwhichB774BdiedBasBaBresult.BBasedBonBthisBinformationBwhich
BstatisticBcanByouBcalculate?B



a)BMortalityBRate

b)BCase-FatalityB

c)BPerson-TimeBIncidenceB

d)BPrevalenceB-BBBb)BCase-Fatality



Case-
FatalityBandBMortalityBRateBshareBtheBsameB_________,BbutBhaveBdifferentB________
______:



a)BNumerator,BDenominatorsB

b)BDenominator,BNumerator

c)BMorbidBCuriosity,BMeanings

d)BProportion,BInterpretationsB-BBBa)BNumerator,BDenominators



ABcohortBstudyBenrollsBitsBparticipantsBbyB_______BandBthenBmeasuresBtheB_______
_.B



a)Boutcome,BhistoryBofBexposure

b)BdemographicBmetrics,BprevalenceBofBexposure

c)BexposureBstatus,BsubsequentBoutcome

d)BsurveyBalone,BoddsBratiosB-BBBc)BexposureBstatus,BsubsequentBoutcome



WhyBisBitBimportantBtoBunderstandBtheBtemporalBrelationshipBbetweenBanBexposure,B
andBanBoutcome?