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SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide.

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SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide. SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide.

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NRMS 5190
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PathophysiologyExam1 StudyGuide: v5 5
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Chapter1:ConceptsofHealthandDisease 5
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KNOWTHIS: 5
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- **Pathophysiology: isthestudyofthebody's responsetodysfunctionordisease; v 5 v5 v5 5
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“physiology ofaltered health” v5 v5 v5




o Example: Pathophysiologyis the mechanismofhigh blood pressure v 5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




Aspects oftheDisease Process:v5 5
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- *Etiology:isthecausesofdisease v5 v5 v5 v5




- *Pathogenesis: explains howthe diseaseprocess evolves —itis the sequence ofevents that v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




takeplace fromtime ofcontactwithetiologic agentuntil theexpressionofthedisease
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- *Morphologicchanges: referstobothgrossanatomicandmicroscopicchangesthatare v5 v 5 v5 v5 5
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characteristicofdisease
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- ClinicalManifestations:canbeobvious orsilent-forexampleanillness cancausefever v5 v5 5
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thatmakesitevidentapersonissick,ortheremaybenosymptomsanddiseaseis not
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discovereduntilitisadvanced(manycancers)
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- Diagnosis: is the designation ofthe cause ofthe health problem v 5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




- ClinicalCourse: describes theevolutionofadisease, itmaybeacute orchronic v5 v 5 v5 v5 5
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DiseaseDiagnosisandPredictive Factors
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*Sensitivity: measures the proportion ofpositive test results out ofall truly positive samples;
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(called a True Positive Result). A test's sensitivity provides you with the percentage chance it will
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correctlyidentifyapersonwhohas thediseaseandtestpositiveonthetest
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- Sensitivityevaluates howgoodatestis atdetectingpositivedisease 5
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- Example:atestwith90%sensitivitywillcorrectlyreturnapositiveresultfor90%ofpeople v5 5
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who havethe diseasebutwill returnanegative (** falsenegative**) for10%ofpeople who
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have the disease andshouldhave testedpositive
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- Test with 90%sensitive, it will correctly return a positive result for90% ofpeople who have
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thedisease
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- Willreturnanegative, orfalsenegative, for10%ofthepeople
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Specificity: measures thetruenegativerate; (atrueNegativeResult). Atest'sspecificityprovides
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youwiththe percentage chance it will correctlyidentifyapersonwho does not have the disease
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- Specificitycanbecalculatedonlyfromamongpeoplewhodonothavethedisease 5
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v5 Stuvia:the best study material from your fellow students
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- Example: a test with 90% specificity will correctly return a negative result for 90% of
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people who don't have the disease but will return a 10% (**false positive**) result for
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people who don'thave the disease andshouldhave testednegative
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- False positive results are unduly stressful, and False Negative tests can delay diagnosis and
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jeopardize the outcome oftreatment
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KNOWTHIS: 5
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- *Atestthathas high sensitivity, will havelower specificity
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o Anexampleofwhereyouwantto knowthesensitivityandspecificityis a v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




pregnancytest v5




Epidemiology


Epidemiology:thestudyof'factorsaffectingthehealthandillnessofpopulations;studyofdisease
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occurrenceinhumanpopulations,looks forpatternsandfactors inparticulardisorderand disease
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- Studyriskfactors formultifactorial diseasesuchas heartdiseaseandcancerin
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populations
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- “Whethersomethinghappens”ratherthanhow v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




- Epidemiologic studies serve as abasis forclinical decisionmaking, allocationof v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




healthcaredollars,anddevelopmentofpublichealthpolicies
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Sources ofInformation forEpidemiologists:
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*KNOWTHIS: Knowthe difference between morbidityandmortality
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- Morbidity: describestheeffects anillnesshasonaperson'slife v5 v5 v5 v5 5
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o Concernedwithincidence, persistence, andlong-termconsequences v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




o *Significantimpactonaperson's life; longtermconsequences ofdisease v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v 5 v5 5
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o Ex:Arthritis has alowdeathratebuthas asignificantimpactonaperson's life v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




- Mortality: pertains tothecauses ofdeathinagivenpopulation v 5 v5 v5 v5 v5 5
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o Staticstocalculate leadingcauses ofdeath v5 v5 v5 v5 v5

,NRMS 5190
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ThreeLevels ofDisease Prevention:
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*KNOWTHIS: Knowthe difference between the three 5
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- Primary:removingriskfactorssodiseasedoes notoccur v5 5
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o No disease present v5 v5




o Ex: folicacidtoprenatal/pregnantwomen, counselingpeoplehowtoadopt v5 v5 5
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healthylifestyle, immunizations 5
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- Secondary: earlydetection andtreatment when diseaseis still curable v 5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




o Asymptomatic
o Ex: Papersmear, historytaking, PE, labs, colonoscopy v5 v5 v5 5
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- Tertiary: preventing furtherdeteriorationorreducingcomplication ofdisease v5 v5 5
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o Clinical course/intervention v5




o Ex: antibiotic use, b-adrenergic drugs todecrease deathinMI, provisionforeye, v 5 v5 v 5 v5 v5 v5 v5 5
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foot,andcardio examsinpeople withDM v5 5
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Evidence-BasedPractice:theconscientious, explicit, andjudicious useofcurrentbestevidence in 5
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makingdecisions aboutthe care ofindividual patients
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- MUST be basedoncurrent evidence v5 v5 v5 v5 v5




Crosssectionalstudies:canbeusedtocomparetheprevalenceofadiseaseinthosewitha specific
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factorwiththe prevalence ofadisease inthose who areunexposed
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- Example: Heartdiseaseinsmokers vs. nonsmokers v5 5
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Casecontrol studies: comparingtwo groups —those withadisease orcondition(cases) andavery
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similargroupofpeoplewhodonothavethediseaseorcondition(controls)
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- Exampleis thecharacteristics ofmaternalalcohol consumptionininfants bornwithFAS
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(cases) canbe comparedwiththoseininfants bornwithoutthesyndrome(controls)
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- Anotherexamplewouldbelifeguards whodevelopedfacial skincancers (cases)
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comparedtolifeguardswhodidnotdevelopfacialskincancers(control)
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Cohortstudies (also known as Longitudinal studies): are followedoveraperiodoftime to observe
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specific outcome
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- Maybeasinglegroup ortwogroupsspecificallyselectedwhereone group has been
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exposedandtheotherhas not, orasingle exposedgroupinwhichthe results are
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comparedwiththegeneralpopulation
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with complete solutions - SUNY Downstate Medical Center.
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