CanCer Biology and Cellular
growth (癌症生物学与细胞生长)
1. An agent that is cancer-causing is said to be ______.
A) Mutagenic
B) Carcinogenic
C) Teratogenic
D) Oncogenic
Answer: B. 致癌物（carcinogenic agent）直接导致癌症发生。致突变物（mutagenic）可
引起 DNA 突变但不一定致癌。
2. Malignant tumors differ from benign tumors in that malignant tumors:
A) Remain localized
B) Grow slowly
C) Can invade and metastasize
D) Are always encapsulated
Answer: C. 恶性肿瘤具有侵袭周围组织和转移（metastasize）的能力，而良性肿瘤保持
局限。
3. Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cancer?
A) Family history
B) Age
C) Smoking
D) Genetics
Answer: C. 吸烟是可通过行为改变来降低癌症风险的可改变因素。
4. Cells that multiply excessively but do not invade surrounding tissues form:
A) Malignant tumors
B) Benign tumors
C) Metastases
D) Sarcomas
Answer: B. 良性肿瘤细胞过度增殖但不侵袭周围组织或转移。
5. Which term describes the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs?
A) Angiogenesis
,B) Metastasis
C) Apoptosis
D) Carcinogenesis
Answer: B. 转移（metastasis）是癌细胞通过血液或淋巴系统扩散到远处器官的过程。
6. Which nutrient is associated with increased risk of cancer when consumed in excess?
A) Vitamin C
B) Fiber
C) Saturated fat
D) Calcium
Answer: C. 过量摄入饱和脂肪与某些癌症（如结肠癌、乳腺癌）风险增加相关。
7. Apoptosis refers to:
A) Uncontrolled cell division
B) Programmed cell death
C) Tumor blood vessel formation
D) Cancer spread
Answer: B. 细胞凋亡（apoptosis）是程序性细胞死亡，癌细胞通常逃避这一过程。
8. Which food component has been shown to have protective effects against cancer?
A) Phytochemicals
B) Trans fats
C) Refined sugar
D) Sodium
Answer: A. 植物化学物（phytochemicals）存在于水果蔬菜中，具有抗氧化和抗癌作用
。
9. A biopsy reveals cells with uncontrolled division and the ability to invade surrounding
tissue. These cells are:
A) Benign
B) Malignant
C) Normal
D) Pre-cancerous only
Answer: B. 恶性（malignant）细胞以不受控制的增殖、侵袭周围组织和转移为特征。
10. Which of the following is NOT a warning sign of cancer?
A) Unexplained weight loss
B) Persistent cough
, C) Regular menstrual cycles
D) Changes in bowel habits
Answer: C. 规律的月经周期是正常的，而其他选项是可能的癌症警示信号。
Section 2: Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism (维生素 D 合成与代谢)
11. Which of the following factors results in LESS vitamin D synthesis?
A) Summer months compared to winter months
B) Southern latitudes compared to northern latitudes
C) Older persons compared to younger persons
D) More time in the sun compared to less time in the sun
Answer: C. 老年人因皮肤变薄和 7-脱氢胆固醇前体减少，维生素 D 合成能力降低。
12. Dark-skinned individuals require more sun exposure to produce vitamin D because:
A) Melanin reduces UVB penetration
B) Their skin is thinner
C) They have less cholesterol in skin
D) Their kidneys are less efficient
Answer: A. 黑色素（melanin）吸收 UVB 辐射，减少皮肤合成维生素 D 的效率。
13. Vitamin D is essential for:
A) Blood clotting
B) Calcium absorption
C) Oxygen transport
D) Vision
Answer: B. 维生素 D 促进肠道对钙和磷的吸收，对骨骼健康至关重要。
14. A deficiency of vitamin D in children causes:
A) Scurvy
B) Rickets
C) Pellagra
D) Beriberi
Answer: B. 佝偻病（rickets）是儿童维生素 D 缺乏的特征性表现，导致骨骼畸形。
15. Which food is a natural source of vitamin D?
A) Fatty fish
B) Apples
growth (癌症生物学与细胞生长)
1. An agent that is cancer-causing is said to be ______.
A) Mutagenic
B) Carcinogenic
C) Teratogenic
D) Oncogenic
Answer: B. 致癌物（carcinogenic agent）直接导致癌症发生。致突变物（mutagenic）可
引起 DNA 突变但不一定致癌。
2. Malignant tumors differ from benign tumors in that malignant tumors:
A) Remain localized
B) Grow slowly
C) Can invade and metastasize
D) Are always encapsulated
Answer: C. 恶性肿瘤具有侵袭周围组织和转移（metastasize）的能力，而良性肿瘤保持
局限。
3. Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cancer?
A) Family history
B) Age
C) Smoking
D) Genetics
Answer: C. 吸烟是可通过行为改变来降低癌症风险的可改变因素。
4. Cells that multiply excessively but do not invade surrounding tissues form:
A) Malignant tumors
B) Benign tumors
C) Metastases
D) Sarcomas
Answer: B. 良性肿瘤细胞过度增殖但不侵袭周围组织或转移。
5. Which term describes the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs?
A) Angiogenesis
,B) Metastasis
C) Apoptosis
D) Carcinogenesis
Answer: B. 转移（metastasis）是癌细胞通过血液或淋巴系统扩散到远处器官的过程。
6. Which nutrient is associated with increased risk of cancer when consumed in excess?
A) Vitamin C
B) Fiber
C) Saturated fat
D) Calcium
Answer: C. 过量摄入饱和脂肪与某些癌症（如结肠癌、乳腺癌）风险增加相关。
7. Apoptosis refers to:
A) Uncontrolled cell division
B) Programmed cell death
C) Tumor blood vessel formation
D) Cancer spread
Answer: B. 细胞凋亡（apoptosis）是程序性细胞死亡，癌细胞通常逃避这一过程。
8. Which food component has been shown to have protective effects against cancer?
A) Phytochemicals
B) Trans fats
C) Refined sugar
D) Sodium
Answer: A. 植物化学物（phytochemicals）存在于水果蔬菜中，具有抗氧化和抗癌作用
。
9. A biopsy reveals cells with uncontrolled division and the ability to invade surrounding
tissue. These cells are:
A) Benign
B) Malignant
C) Normal
D) Pre-cancerous only
Answer: B. 恶性（malignant）细胞以不受控制的增殖、侵袭周围组织和转移为特征。
10. Which of the following is NOT a warning sign of cancer?
A) Unexplained weight loss
B) Persistent cough
, C) Regular menstrual cycles
D) Changes in bowel habits
Answer: C. 规律的月经周期是正常的，而其他选项是可能的癌症警示信号。
Section 2: Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism (维生素 D 合成与代谢)
11. Which of the following factors results in LESS vitamin D synthesis?
A) Summer months compared to winter months
B) Southern latitudes compared to northern latitudes
C) Older persons compared to younger persons
D) More time in the sun compared to less time in the sun
Answer: C. 老年人因皮肤变薄和 7-脱氢胆固醇前体减少，维生素 D 合成能力降低。
12. Dark-skinned individuals require more sun exposure to produce vitamin D because:
A) Melanin reduces UVB penetration
B) Their skin is thinner
C) They have less cholesterol in skin
D) Their kidneys are less efficient
Answer: A. 黑色素（melanin）吸收 UVB 辐射，减少皮肤合成维生素 D 的效率。
13. Vitamin D is essential for:
A) Blood clotting
B) Calcium absorption
C) Oxygen transport
D) Vision
Answer: B. 维生素 D 促进肠道对钙和磷的吸收，对骨骼健康至关重要。
14. A deficiency of vitamin D in children causes:
A) Scurvy
B) Rickets
C) Pellagra
D) Beriberi
Answer: B. 佝偻病（rickets）是儿童维生素 D 缺乏的特征性表现，导致骨骼畸形。
15. Which food is a natural source of vitamin D?
A) Fatty fish
B) Apples
