Anatomy & Physiology Question Bank
1. Which structure of the cell is primarily responsible for producing most of the ATP
during aerobic cellular respiration?
A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleolus
Answer: B. Mitochondrion.
2. Which type of tissue connects epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue and
supports exchange of nutrients and waste products?
A. Basement membrane
B. Compact bone
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Nervous tissue
Answer: A. Basement membrane. It anchors the epithelium and helps separate it from the
underlying tissue.
3. A patient has difficulty initiating voluntary movements after a neurological injury.
Which brain region is most directly involved in planning and initiating voluntary motor
commands?
A. Frontal lobe
B. Occipital lobe
C. Primary auditory cortex
D. Cerebellar vermis only
Answer: A. Frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex and associated frontal regions contribute
to voluntary movement.
4. True or False: Negative feedback mechanisms generally counteract deviations from
a regulated physiological variable.
Answer: True. For example, thermoregulatory responses help return body temperature
toward its normal range.
5. Which bone forms the prominent anterior portion of the shoulder girdle and
articulates with the sternum and scapula?
A. Clavicle
B. Humerus
C. Radius
D. Ulna
,Answer: A. Clavicle.
6. Which structure in the female reproductive system produces oocytes and secretes
hormones such as estrogen and progesterone?
A. Ovary
B. Cervix
C. Vagina
D. Uterine tube
Answer: A. Ovary.
7. Which type of membrane transport uses a carrier protein but does not directly
require cellular ATP to move a substance down its concentration gradient?
A. Primary active transport
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Endocytosis
D. Exocytosis
Answer: B. Facilitated diffusion.
8. Fill in the blank: The connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire skeletal
muscle is called the __________.
Answer: Epimysium.
9. Which cells of the nervous system help maintain the blood–brain barrier through
their interactions with cerebral blood vessels?
A. Astrocytes
B. Skeletal muscle cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Erythrocytes
Answer: A. Astrocytes. Their processes support the environment around cerebral blood
vessels and contribute to blood–brain barrier function.
10. Which hormone promotes the production of red blood cells in response to
reduced oxygen availability?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Gastrin
C. Secretin
D. Melatonin
Answer: A. Erythropoietin.
11. Which part of the stomach lies near the junction with the esophagus and helps
receive swallowed food?
,A. Cardia
B. Pylorus
C. Greater curvature
D. Duodenum
Answer: A. Cardia.
12. Which enzyme begins the breakdown of triglycerides in the mouth and stomach,
particularly in early life?
A. Lingual lipase
B. DNA polymerase
C. Pepsin
D. Maltase
Answer: A. Lingual lipase.
13. Which part of the brainstem acts as a major relay between the cerebrum and
cerebellum and also participates in regulating breathing?
A. Pons
B. Pineal gland
C. Corpus callosum
D. Hypothalamus
Answer: A. Pons.
14. True or False: The humerus is the bone of the upper arm, extending between the
shoulder and the elbow.
Answer: True.
15. Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary supports growth partly by
stimulating the liver and other tissues to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?
A. Growth hormone
B. Oxytocin
C. Aldosterone
D. Calcitonin
Answer: A. Growth hormone.
16. Match each anatomical structure with its location or principal function.
1. Patella
2. Hyoid bone
3. Scaphoid
4. Calcaneus
, A. Heel bone
B. Small carpal bone near the base of the thumb
C. Bone that supports the tongue and has no direct articulation with another bone
D. Sesamoid bone located within the quadriceps tendon
Answer: 1–D, 2–C, 3–B, 4–A.
17. Which blood vessel carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the
liver for processing?
A. Hepatic portal vein
B. Hepatic vein
C. Pulmonary vein
D. Coronary artery
Answer: A. Hepatic portal vein.
18. Which structure of a nephron forms a filtration barrier that restricts the passage of
blood cells and most large plasma proteins into the filtrate?
A. Renal corpuscle
B. Collecting duct
C. Ureter
D. Renal pelvis
Answer: A. Renal corpuscle. Its filtration barrier includes fenestrated capillary endothelium,
the glomerular basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits.
19. A person has difficulty raising the arm sideways away from the body, especially
during the middle portion of the movement. Which muscle is especially important for
this action?
A. Deltoid
B. Gastrocnemius
C. Rectus abdominis
D. Tibialis anterior
Answer: A. Deltoid. The supraspinatus also helps initiate shoulder abduction.
20. Which cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the
release of several other hormones?
A. Delta cells
B. Alpha cells
C. Beta cells
D. Acinar cells
Answer: A. Delta cells.
1. Which structure of the cell is primarily responsible for producing most of the ATP
during aerobic cellular respiration?
A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleolus
Answer: B. Mitochondrion.
2. Which type of tissue connects epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue and
supports exchange of nutrients and waste products?
A. Basement membrane
B. Compact bone
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Nervous tissue
Answer: A. Basement membrane. It anchors the epithelium and helps separate it from the
underlying tissue.
3. A patient has difficulty initiating voluntary movements after a neurological injury.
Which brain region is most directly involved in planning and initiating voluntary motor
commands?
A. Frontal lobe
B. Occipital lobe
C. Primary auditory cortex
D. Cerebellar vermis only
Answer: A. Frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex and associated frontal regions contribute
to voluntary movement.
4. True or False: Negative feedback mechanisms generally counteract deviations from
a regulated physiological variable.
Answer: True. For example, thermoregulatory responses help return body temperature
toward its normal range.
5. Which bone forms the prominent anterior portion of the shoulder girdle and
articulates with the sternum and scapula?
A. Clavicle
B. Humerus
C. Radius
D. Ulna
,Answer: A. Clavicle.
6. Which structure in the female reproductive system produces oocytes and secretes
hormones such as estrogen and progesterone?
A. Ovary
B. Cervix
C. Vagina
D. Uterine tube
Answer: A. Ovary.
7. Which type of membrane transport uses a carrier protein but does not directly
require cellular ATP to move a substance down its concentration gradient?
A. Primary active transport
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Endocytosis
D. Exocytosis
Answer: B. Facilitated diffusion.
8. Fill in the blank: The connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire skeletal
muscle is called the __________.
Answer: Epimysium.
9. Which cells of the nervous system help maintain the blood–brain barrier through
their interactions with cerebral blood vessels?
A. Astrocytes
B. Skeletal muscle cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Erythrocytes
Answer: A. Astrocytes. Their processes support the environment around cerebral blood
vessels and contribute to blood–brain barrier function.
10. Which hormone promotes the production of red blood cells in response to
reduced oxygen availability?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Gastrin
C. Secretin
D. Melatonin
Answer: A. Erythropoietin.
11. Which part of the stomach lies near the junction with the esophagus and helps
receive swallowed food?
,A. Cardia
B. Pylorus
C. Greater curvature
D. Duodenum
Answer: A. Cardia.
12. Which enzyme begins the breakdown of triglycerides in the mouth and stomach,
particularly in early life?
A. Lingual lipase
B. DNA polymerase
C. Pepsin
D. Maltase
Answer: A. Lingual lipase.
13. Which part of the brainstem acts as a major relay between the cerebrum and
cerebellum and also participates in regulating breathing?
A. Pons
B. Pineal gland
C. Corpus callosum
D. Hypothalamus
Answer: A. Pons.
14. True or False: The humerus is the bone of the upper arm, extending between the
shoulder and the elbow.
Answer: True.
15. Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary supports growth partly by
stimulating the liver and other tissues to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?
A. Growth hormone
B. Oxytocin
C. Aldosterone
D. Calcitonin
Answer: A. Growth hormone.
16. Match each anatomical structure with its location or principal function.
1. Patella
2. Hyoid bone
3. Scaphoid
4. Calcaneus
, A. Heel bone
B. Small carpal bone near the base of the thumb
C. Bone that supports the tongue and has no direct articulation with another bone
D. Sesamoid bone located within the quadriceps tendon
Answer: 1–D, 2–C, 3–B, 4–A.
17. Which blood vessel carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the
liver for processing?
A. Hepatic portal vein
B. Hepatic vein
C. Pulmonary vein
D. Coronary artery
Answer: A. Hepatic portal vein.
18. Which structure of a nephron forms a filtration barrier that restricts the passage of
blood cells and most large plasma proteins into the filtrate?
A. Renal corpuscle
B. Collecting duct
C. Ureter
D. Renal pelvis
Answer: A. Renal corpuscle. Its filtration barrier includes fenestrated capillary endothelium,
the glomerular basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits.
19. A person has difficulty raising the arm sideways away from the body, especially
during the middle portion of the movement. Which muscle is especially important for
this action?
A. Deltoid
B. Gastrocnemius
C. Rectus abdominis
D. Tibialis anterior
Answer: A. Deltoid. The supraspinatus also helps initiate shoulder abduction.
20. Which cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the
release of several other hormones?
A. Delta cells
B. Alpha cells
C. Beta cells
D. Acinar cells
Answer: A. Delta cells.
