AICE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 EXAM STUDIES
1–12 FULL REVIEW | STUDY GUIDE AND
REVISION | 100% VERIFIED | A+
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Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,What three studies are in the Social Unit? Milgram (Obedience)
Piliavin (Subway Samaritans)
Yamamoto (Chimpanzee Helping)
What three studies are in the Learning Unit? Bandura (Aggression)
Saavedra & Silverman (Button Phobia)
Pepperberg (Parrot Learning)
What three studies are in the Cognitive Unit? Andrade (Doodling)
Baron-Cohen (Eyes Test)
Laney (False Memories)
What three studies are in the Biological Unit? Dement & Kleitman (Dreaming)
Schachter & Singer (Two Factors of Emotion)
Canli (Brain Scans)
Assumptions of the Social Approach: Behavior, cognition, and emotions can be influenced by groups or social contexts
Assumptions of the Learning Approach: We learn though observation/imitation of behavior
We learn through the consequences of our behavior
We learn through association
Assumptions of the Cognitive Approach: The main assumption of the cognitive approach is thathow we think is central in
explaining how we behave and how we respond to different people and different
situations.
Assumptions for the Biological Approach: Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working brain and
the effects of hormones-similarities and differences between people can be understood
in terms of the biological factors and their interactions with other factors
Social Approach: The social approach would say we can only understand people in the context of how
they operate in their interactions and perceptions of others.
Learning Approach: The learning approach is that all behavior is learned (nurture) through experience and
nothing is inherited (nature). Another is the view that the subject matter of psychology
should have standardized procedures , with the emphasis on the study of observable
behavior.
,Cognitive Approach: The cognitive approach is that how we think is central in explaining how we behave and
how we respond to different people and different situations. Also, the cognitive
approach sees a human rather like a complicated computer - information enters the mind
(input), it is processes and stored, and it is sometimes used again later (output) through
remembering or responding to a situation.
Biological Approach: The biological approach concerns the role of genetics, hormones, brain function, and
neurotransmitters. It is assumed that all humans and animals function physiologically and
that processes, such as hormone release and brain activity, determine behavior.
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Social Approach: STRENGTHS:
● can help to explain behavior in social situations
● tends to be holistic in looking at different levels of explanations
WEAKNESSES:
● results often lack generalizability depending on culture, race, socio-economic status,
etc.
● issues of controlling variables as examining social behavior is complex
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Learning Approach: STRENGTHS:
● they use experimental and non-experimental data.
WEAKNESSES:
● It does not take into account the effect of biology or genetics in aggression.
● Some of the experiments lack ecological validity.
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Cognitive Approach: STRENGTHS:
● use of experimental methodology in most cases
● approach centers on the mind, a central aspect in understanding human psychology
WEAKNESSES:
● though advancing, it is still seen to be 'less scientific'- many have simply guessed or
inferred how people think
● idea of the human mind is like a computer is reductionist (leaves out social, emotional,
&
behavioral)
● the approach often fails to account for individual differences
, Strengths & Weaknesses of the Biological Approach: STRENGTHS:
● generally, the most scientific (as studies often use machines for measurement)
● uses the experimental method and more controls in trying to determine cause & effect
WEAKNESSES:
● often reductionist- cannot reduce complex behaviors, emotions, etc. to a single aspect
● findings often show correlations, but cannot definitively show cause & effect
Milgram (Obedience @ Yale University 1963) -
The Psychology Being Investigated in Milgram: Situational Hypothesis (The idea that we can explain human behavior such as during the
Holocaust, through social processes rather than the characteristics of the individual) vs.
Dispositional Hypothesis (Idea that it is culture or personality that causes obedience and
conformity)
Agency Theory: 2 psychological states
Agentic state - when we give up our free will to serve as an agent to authority
Autonomous state - we act on our own free will and choose whether to obey or not
Milgram's Aims: Overall: To investigate how obedient people would be to orders from a person in
authority that would result in pain and harm to another person.
Specific: To see how large an electric shock a person would give to a helpless subject if
ordered by a scientist in a lab to do so.
Milgram's Hypothesis Milgram does NOT state a specific hypothesis but DOES state what other people
thought:
Milgram believed that from a young age we are socialized to be obedient to authority
figures. When we experience moral strain we go along with the demands of the authority
figure, even if we know it is wrong and do not agree.
Milgram Independent Variable: Lacks an IV
Milgram Dependent Variable: Maximum shock given by each subject
Milgram Research Method: Lab Experiment/Controlled Observation
Milgram Research Design: Lacks one because there was only one condition
1–12 FULL REVIEW | STUDY GUIDE AND
REVISION | 100% VERIFIED | A+
GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,What three studies are in the Social Unit? Milgram (Obedience)
Piliavin (Subway Samaritans)
Yamamoto (Chimpanzee Helping)
What three studies are in the Learning Unit? Bandura (Aggression)
Saavedra & Silverman (Button Phobia)
Pepperberg (Parrot Learning)
What three studies are in the Cognitive Unit? Andrade (Doodling)
Baron-Cohen (Eyes Test)
Laney (False Memories)
What three studies are in the Biological Unit? Dement & Kleitman (Dreaming)
Schachter & Singer (Two Factors of Emotion)
Canli (Brain Scans)
Assumptions of the Social Approach: Behavior, cognition, and emotions can be influenced by groups or social contexts
Assumptions of the Learning Approach: We learn though observation/imitation of behavior
We learn through the consequences of our behavior
We learn through association
Assumptions of the Cognitive Approach: The main assumption of the cognitive approach is thathow we think is central in
explaining how we behave and how we respond to different people and different
situations.
Assumptions for the Biological Approach: Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working brain and
the effects of hormones-similarities and differences between people can be understood
in terms of the biological factors and their interactions with other factors
Social Approach: The social approach would say we can only understand people in the context of how
they operate in their interactions and perceptions of others.
Learning Approach: The learning approach is that all behavior is learned (nurture) through experience and
nothing is inherited (nature). Another is the view that the subject matter of psychology
should have standardized procedures , with the emphasis on the study of observable
behavior.
,Cognitive Approach: The cognitive approach is that how we think is central in explaining how we behave and
how we respond to different people and different situations. Also, the cognitive
approach sees a human rather like a complicated computer - information enters the mind
(input), it is processes and stored, and it is sometimes used again later (output) through
remembering or responding to a situation.
Biological Approach: The biological approach concerns the role of genetics, hormones, brain function, and
neurotransmitters. It is assumed that all humans and animals function physiologically and
that processes, such as hormone release and brain activity, determine behavior.
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Social Approach: STRENGTHS:
● can help to explain behavior in social situations
● tends to be holistic in looking at different levels of explanations
WEAKNESSES:
● results often lack generalizability depending on culture, race, socio-economic status,
etc.
● issues of controlling variables as examining social behavior is complex
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Learning Approach: STRENGTHS:
● they use experimental and non-experimental data.
WEAKNESSES:
● It does not take into account the effect of biology or genetics in aggression.
● Some of the experiments lack ecological validity.
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Cognitive Approach: STRENGTHS:
● use of experimental methodology in most cases
● approach centers on the mind, a central aspect in understanding human psychology
WEAKNESSES:
● though advancing, it is still seen to be 'less scientific'- many have simply guessed or
inferred how people think
● idea of the human mind is like a computer is reductionist (leaves out social, emotional,
&
behavioral)
● the approach often fails to account for individual differences
, Strengths & Weaknesses of the Biological Approach: STRENGTHS:
● generally, the most scientific (as studies often use machines for measurement)
● uses the experimental method and more controls in trying to determine cause & effect
WEAKNESSES:
● often reductionist- cannot reduce complex behaviors, emotions, etc. to a single aspect
● findings often show correlations, but cannot definitively show cause & effect
Milgram (Obedience @ Yale University 1963) -
The Psychology Being Investigated in Milgram: Situational Hypothesis (The idea that we can explain human behavior such as during the
Holocaust, through social processes rather than the characteristics of the individual) vs.
Dispositional Hypothesis (Idea that it is culture or personality that causes obedience and
conformity)
Agency Theory: 2 psychological states
Agentic state - when we give up our free will to serve as an agent to authority
Autonomous state - we act on our own free will and choose whether to obey or not
Milgram's Aims: Overall: To investigate how obedient people would be to orders from a person in
authority that would result in pain and harm to another person.
Specific: To see how large an electric shock a person would give to a helpless subject if
ordered by a scientist in a lab to do so.
Milgram's Hypothesis Milgram does NOT state a specific hypothesis but DOES state what other people
thought:
Milgram believed that from a young age we are socialized to be obedient to authority
figures. When we experience moral strain we go along with the demands of the authority
figure, even if we know it is wrong and do not agree.
Milgram Independent Variable: Lacks an IV
Milgram Dependent Variable: Maximum shock given by each subject
Milgram Research Method: Lab Experiment/Controlled Observation
Milgram Research Design: Lacks one because there was only one condition
