GCSE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 REVIEW |
AQA REVISION GUIDE AND EXAM PREP |
PRACTICE MATERIALS | 100% VERIFIED |
A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,Conformity Change in behaviour resulting from indirect pressure
Internalisation When you are put into a situation where you don't know how to behave so you mimic
others
Informational social influence You don't know how to behave so you look around you to look how others act
Identification When you mimic others around you only in their presence
Size of Majority The greater the majority, the greater the influence
Asch's experiment, 1950 Participant was placed with confederates and asked to match a line on one card to the
same line on another card. The results stated that when 1 confederate was in the room,
the conformity rate was 3%, when there was 2 it rose to 13% and when there was 3 it was
37%
Unanimity of Majority If there is some disagreement amongst the group then there is some social support to
not conform
Task difficulty If the task was difficult then people are more likely to look to others and be influenced by
their behaviour
Internal locus of control Believes that they are in control and they are not easily influenced so they are less likely
to conform.
External locus of control Believes that they are not in control and they are very easily influenced so they are more
likely to conform.
Generalisability in Asch's experiment Many participants which is generalisable however all of them were american men
between a certain age category so it is a sample biast and not generalisable to the target
population
Reliability in Asch's experiment Standardised procedure throughout so it was repeatable and participant variables are
eliminated through repetition
Applicability in Asch's experiment In the 1950s the social expectations were very stricter and therefore there would have
been a higher conformity rate so it is difficult to compare
,Validity in Asch's experiment Laboratory experiment has high internal validity however it has low ecological validity
due to it being a laboratory experiment
Ethics in Asch's experiment Violates the deception/ informed consent guideline because he makes the participant
think the confederates are participants. He also violates protection from harm by
subjecting the participant to mental stress
Information input Comes from the five senses into your brain from the environment to be processed
Unconscious/ deliberate encoding We unconsciously or deliberately store sensory information. We do this by encoding the
sensory information into electrochemical memory traces which is stored in the brain
Three types of encoding Acoustic, visual, sensory
Output A behavioural response/ information we recall
Processing Operations performed in the brain on sensory memory
Storage Retention of information in our memory system
Encoding Turning sensory information into something which can be stored easier by the brain
Short term memory capacity 7 items of information
Short term memory duration 18 seconds
Long term memory capacity and duration Unlimited
Similarity between long term and short term memory Both can rehearse information to hold the information for longer
Difference between long term and short term memory Short term usually has acoustic encoding but long term has semantic encoding
Interference New information overwrites old information such as a new phone number replacing an
old number
, Displacement New information pushes out old information in the short term memory as it's capacity is
being exceeded
Three ways we forget things interference, displacement, decay memory traces
Anterograde amnesia Inability to store any long-term memories following a brain injury. Normal short-term can
still process sensory memory. Retained long-term memory from before the incident.
Retrograde amnesia Cannot remember anything from before the injury due to struggle in recalling the
information. Can be specific to one memory such as the traumatic incident or it can be
limited time frame. Severe cases can result in forgetting who they are. It is possible to
regain information
Reconstructive memory Is the theory that memories are interpretations from what we experienced, not an exact
recall
Active reconstruction Memory is not an exact copy of the event but our own interpretation of it which is
influenced by our own schema
Schema Packet of knowledge unique to us which we develop over time through experiences that
influences how we remember
How are schemas formed Personal experiences
Four influences of recall Omissions, transformations, familiarisations, rationalisations
Omissions We leave out unfamiliar, irrelevant or unpleasant details which simplifies the information
Transformations Details are changed to make them more rational
Familiarisation Change unfamiliar details to align your own schema
Rationalisation Add details when we recall to give a reason for something
Strengths of the theory of reconstructive memory It has real-world application, ecologically valid, encourages cognitive therapy to avoid
omissions in eyewitness accounts
AQA REVISION GUIDE AND EXAM PREP |
PRACTICE MATERIALS | 100% VERIFIED |
A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,Conformity Change in behaviour resulting from indirect pressure
Internalisation When you are put into a situation where you don't know how to behave so you mimic
others
Informational social influence You don't know how to behave so you look around you to look how others act
Identification When you mimic others around you only in their presence
Size of Majority The greater the majority, the greater the influence
Asch's experiment, 1950 Participant was placed with confederates and asked to match a line on one card to the
same line on another card. The results stated that when 1 confederate was in the room,
the conformity rate was 3%, when there was 2 it rose to 13% and when there was 3 it was
37%
Unanimity of Majority If there is some disagreement amongst the group then there is some social support to
not conform
Task difficulty If the task was difficult then people are more likely to look to others and be influenced by
their behaviour
Internal locus of control Believes that they are in control and they are not easily influenced so they are less likely
to conform.
External locus of control Believes that they are not in control and they are very easily influenced so they are more
likely to conform.
Generalisability in Asch's experiment Many participants which is generalisable however all of them were american men
between a certain age category so it is a sample biast and not generalisable to the target
population
Reliability in Asch's experiment Standardised procedure throughout so it was repeatable and participant variables are
eliminated through repetition
Applicability in Asch's experiment In the 1950s the social expectations were very stricter and therefore there would have
been a higher conformity rate so it is difficult to compare
,Validity in Asch's experiment Laboratory experiment has high internal validity however it has low ecological validity
due to it being a laboratory experiment
Ethics in Asch's experiment Violates the deception/ informed consent guideline because he makes the participant
think the confederates are participants. He also violates protection from harm by
subjecting the participant to mental stress
Information input Comes from the five senses into your brain from the environment to be processed
Unconscious/ deliberate encoding We unconsciously or deliberately store sensory information. We do this by encoding the
sensory information into electrochemical memory traces which is stored in the brain
Three types of encoding Acoustic, visual, sensory
Output A behavioural response/ information we recall
Processing Operations performed in the brain on sensory memory
Storage Retention of information in our memory system
Encoding Turning sensory information into something which can be stored easier by the brain
Short term memory capacity 7 items of information
Short term memory duration 18 seconds
Long term memory capacity and duration Unlimited
Similarity between long term and short term memory Both can rehearse information to hold the information for longer
Difference between long term and short term memory Short term usually has acoustic encoding but long term has semantic encoding
Interference New information overwrites old information such as a new phone number replacing an
old number
, Displacement New information pushes out old information in the short term memory as it's capacity is
being exceeded
Three ways we forget things interference, displacement, decay memory traces
Anterograde amnesia Inability to store any long-term memories following a brain injury. Normal short-term can
still process sensory memory. Retained long-term memory from before the incident.
Retrograde amnesia Cannot remember anything from before the injury due to struggle in recalling the
information. Can be specific to one memory such as the traumatic incident or it can be
limited time frame. Severe cases can result in forgetting who they are. It is possible to
regain information
Reconstructive memory Is the theory that memories are interpretations from what we experienced, not an exact
recall
Active reconstruction Memory is not an exact copy of the event but our own interpretation of it which is
influenced by our own schema
Schema Packet of knowledge unique to us which we develop over time through experiences that
influences how we remember
How are schemas formed Personal experiences
Four influences of recall Omissions, transformations, familiarisations, rationalisations
Omissions We leave out unfamiliar, irrelevant or unpleasant details which simplifies the information
Transformations Details are changed to make them more rational
Familiarisation Change unfamiliar details to align your own schema
Rationalisation Add details when we recall to give a reason for something
Strengths of the theory of reconstructive memory It has real-world application, ecologically valid, encourages cognitive therapy to avoid
omissions in eyewitness accounts
