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A clinician defines abnormal behavior using the “4 Ds.” Which set
correctly identifies them?
A. Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
B. Delusion, denial, dependence, disorder
C. Deviation, depression, disorganization, diagnosis
D. Distress, delusion, detachment, dysfunction
Correct Answer: A. Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
Rationale: The 4 Ds of abnormality are deviance, distress,
dysfunction, and danger; an individual does not need to meet all four
to warrant clinical attention. These criteria help clinicians judge
whether a pattern is clinically significant rather than merely unusual.
According to the DSM-5 definition of psychological disorder, which
element is essential?
,A. Symptoms must be culturally approved
B. The disturbance reflects a dysfunction in mental functioning
C. The person must be dangerous to self or others
D. The symptoms must be voluntary
Correct Answer: B. The disturbance reflects a dysfunction in mental
functioning
Rationale: The DSM requires a clinically significant disturbance that
reflects a dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental
processes; deviance alone is not sufficient.
Socially deviant behavior indicates a psychological disorder only
when:
A. It is severe
B. It is strange
C. It results from a dysfunction in the individual
D. The community disapproves
Correct Answer: C. It results from a dysfunction in the individual
Rationale: Deviance must stem from an internal dysfunction;
nonconformity alone is not a mental disorder.
A major concern with diagnostic labeling is that it can:
A. Improve reliability only
B. Increase stigma and overshadow the person
,C. Eliminate comorbidity
D. Replace clinical judgment entirely
Correct Answer: B. Increase stigma and overshadow the person
Rationale: Labeling can lead to stigma and viewing the person as the
disorder; person-first language helps mitigate this.
Hippocrates explained psychological conditions using:
A. Demonic possession
B. The four humors
C. Brain lesions
D. Childhood trauma
Correct Answer: B. The four humors
Rationale: Hippocrates proposed that imbalances in blood, phlegm,
yellow bile, and black bile produced mental and physical disorders.
The term “bedlam” originated from:
A. A Greek temple
B. St. Mary’s of Bethlehem
C. A Roman prison
D. A French asylum
Correct Answer: B. St. Mary’s of Bethlehem
, Rationale: “Bedlam” is a nickname for St. Mary’s of Bethlehem, an
early English mental hospital known for chaotic conditions.
The diathesis-stress model proposes that:
A. Only genetic factors cause mental illness
B. A predisposition plus a stressor produces disorder
C. Stress alone is sufficient for any disorder
D. Diathesis is always environmental
Correct Answer: B. A predisposition plus a stressor produces
disorder
Rationale: Diathesis-stress combines an underlying vulnerability
(genetic, biological, or psychological) with environmental stressors to
explain the onset of disorder.
The DSM-5 was published in:
A. 1994
B. 2000
C. 2013
D. 2022
Correct Answer: C. 2013
Rationale: DSM-5 was published in 2013; DSM-5-TR is the 2022
text revision.