Anatomy & Physiology Question Bank
1. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport to their final
destinations inside or outside the cell?
A. Nucleolus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Centrosome
D. Peroxisome
Answer: B. Golgi apparatus.
2. A patient has difficulty identifying the position of a limb without looking at it. Which
sensory modality is most directly impaired?
A. Proprioception
B. Gustation
C. Olfaction
D. Nociception
Answer: A. Proprioception.
3. True or False: The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is generally impermeable to
water, helping establish the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla.
Answer: True.
4. Which type of connective tissue forms the principal structural framework of lymph
nodes and supports many immune cells?
A. Reticular connective tissue
B. Dense regular connective tissue
C. Elastic cartilage
D. Adipose tissue
Answer: A. Reticular connective tissue.
5. A patient has damage to the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex. Which function is
most likely to be directly affected?
A. Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
B. Detection of odor molecules
C. Regulation of blood filtration
D. Production of digestive enzymes
Answer: A. Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
6. Which blood protein helps maintain plasma colloid osmotic pressure and limits
excessive movement of fluid out of capillaries?
,A. Albumin
B. Fibrin
C. Myoglobin
D. Keratin
Answer: A. Albumin.
7. Complete the statement: The process by which bone-resorbing cells break down
mineralized bone matrix is called __________.
Answer: Bone resorption.
8. Which hormone helps lower blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake in
responsive tissues and reducing hepatic glucose output?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Epinephrine
Answer: A. Insulin.
9. A patient has an injury to the right optic tract. Which broad visual deficit may
result?
A. Loss of the right visual field in both eyes
B. Loss of the left visual field in both eyes
C. Complete loss of hearing in the right ear
D. Loss of smell from both nostrils
Answer: B. Loss of the left visual field in both eyes. Each optic tract carries information
representing the opposite visual field.
10. Which structure connects the pharynx to the stomach and moves swallowed
material by coordinated muscular contractions?
A. Esophagus
B. Trachea
C. Common bile duct
D. Ureter
Answer: A. Esophagus.
11. Which cells form the epithelial lining of most of the respiratory tract and help
move mucus toward the pharynx?
A. Ciliated epithelial cells
B. Osteocytes
C. Hepatocytes
D. Podocytes
,Answer: A. Ciliated epithelial cells.
12. True or False: The right and left coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the
myocardium.
Answer: True.
13. Which hormone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in parts
of the distal nephron?
A. Aldosterone
B. Melatonin
C. Prolactin
D. Calcitonin
Answer: A. Aldosterone.
14. A patient has difficulty detecting bitter substances on the tongue. Which
specialized sensory structures normally contain taste receptor cells?
A. Taste buds
B. Alveoli
C. Renal corpuscles
D. Semicircular ducts
Answer: A. Taste buds.
15. Which bone forms the forehead and contributes to the roof of the eye sockets?
A. Frontal bone
B. Occipital bone
C. Mandible
D. Vomer
Answer: A. Frontal bone.
16. A person experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which receptor type
detects stretch in arterial walls and initiates rapid cardiovascular reflexes?
A. Baroreceptor
B. Photoreceptor
C. Chemoreceptor in taste buds
D. Thermoreceptor in the skin only
Answer: A. Baroreceptor.
17. Which structure forms the functional connection between a motor neuron and a
skeletal muscle fiber?
, A. Neuromuscular junction
B. Glomerulus
C. Intercalated disc
D. Synovial cavity
Answer: A. Neuromuscular junction.
18. Match each structure with its principal function.
1. Hepatocyte
2. Osteoclast
3. Podocyte
4. Goblet cell
A. Produces mucus
B. Contributes to the renal filtration barrier
C. Performs many metabolic functions in the liver
D. Resorbs bone
Answer: 1–C, 2–D, 3–B, 4–A.
19. Which structure helps prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
during swallowing by closing the laryngeal inlet?
A. Epiglottis
B. Thyroid gland
C. Hard palate
D. Nasal concha
Answer: A. Epiglottis.
20. A patient has reduced activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in red blood
cells. Which process would be directly affected?
A. Rapid conversion between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid
B. Synthesis of DNA in mature erythrocytes
C. Formation of bile salts in the gallbladder
D. Production of insulin by pancreatic beta cells
Answer: A. Rapid conversion between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. This reaction is
important for carbon dioxide transport and acid–base balance.
21. Which region of the brain is especially important for interpreting spoken language
and understanding meaningful words?
A. Wernicke’s area
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Cerebellar vermis
D. Hypothalamic nuclei controlling thirst
1. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport to their final
destinations inside or outside the cell?
A. Nucleolus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Centrosome
D. Peroxisome
Answer: B. Golgi apparatus.
2. A patient has difficulty identifying the position of a limb without looking at it. Which
sensory modality is most directly impaired?
A. Proprioception
B. Gustation
C. Olfaction
D. Nociception
Answer: A. Proprioception.
3. True or False: The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is generally impermeable to
water, helping establish the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla.
Answer: True.
4. Which type of connective tissue forms the principal structural framework of lymph
nodes and supports many immune cells?
A. Reticular connective tissue
B. Dense regular connective tissue
C. Elastic cartilage
D. Adipose tissue
Answer: A. Reticular connective tissue.
5. A patient has damage to the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex. Which function is
most likely to be directly affected?
A. Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
B. Detection of odor molecules
C. Regulation of blood filtration
D. Production of digestive enzymes
Answer: A. Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
6. Which blood protein helps maintain plasma colloid osmotic pressure and limits
excessive movement of fluid out of capillaries?
,A. Albumin
B. Fibrin
C. Myoglobin
D. Keratin
Answer: A. Albumin.
7. Complete the statement: The process by which bone-resorbing cells break down
mineralized bone matrix is called __________.
Answer: Bone resorption.
8. Which hormone helps lower blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake in
responsive tissues and reducing hepatic glucose output?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Epinephrine
Answer: A. Insulin.
9. A patient has an injury to the right optic tract. Which broad visual deficit may
result?
A. Loss of the right visual field in both eyes
B. Loss of the left visual field in both eyes
C. Complete loss of hearing in the right ear
D. Loss of smell from both nostrils
Answer: B. Loss of the left visual field in both eyes. Each optic tract carries information
representing the opposite visual field.
10. Which structure connects the pharynx to the stomach and moves swallowed
material by coordinated muscular contractions?
A. Esophagus
B. Trachea
C. Common bile duct
D. Ureter
Answer: A. Esophagus.
11. Which cells form the epithelial lining of most of the respiratory tract and help
move mucus toward the pharynx?
A. Ciliated epithelial cells
B. Osteocytes
C. Hepatocytes
D. Podocytes
,Answer: A. Ciliated epithelial cells.
12. True or False: The right and left coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the
myocardium.
Answer: True.
13. Which hormone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in parts
of the distal nephron?
A. Aldosterone
B. Melatonin
C. Prolactin
D. Calcitonin
Answer: A. Aldosterone.
14. A patient has difficulty detecting bitter substances on the tongue. Which
specialized sensory structures normally contain taste receptor cells?
A. Taste buds
B. Alveoli
C. Renal corpuscles
D. Semicircular ducts
Answer: A. Taste buds.
15. Which bone forms the forehead and contributes to the roof of the eye sockets?
A. Frontal bone
B. Occipital bone
C. Mandible
D. Vomer
Answer: A. Frontal bone.
16. A person experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which receptor type
detects stretch in arterial walls and initiates rapid cardiovascular reflexes?
A. Baroreceptor
B. Photoreceptor
C. Chemoreceptor in taste buds
D. Thermoreceptor in the skin only
Answer: A. Baroreceptor.
17. Which structure forms the functional connection between a motor neuron and a
skeletal muscle fiber?
, A. Neuromuscular junction
B. Glomerulus
C. Intercalated disc
D. Synovial cavity
Answer: A. Neuromuscular junction.
18. Match each structure with its principal function.
1. Hepatocyte
2. Osteoclast
3. Podocyte
4. Goblet cell
A. Produces mucus
B. Contributes to the renal filtration barrier
C. Performs many metabolic functions in the liver
D. Resorbs bone
Answer: 1–C, 2–D, 3–B, 4–A.
19. Which structure helps prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
during swallowing by closing the laryngeal inlet?
A. Epiglottis
B. Thyroid gland
C. Hard palate
D. Nasal concha
Answer: A. Epiglottis.
20. A patient has reduced activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in red blood
cells. Which process would be directly affected?
A. Rapid conversion between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid
B. Synthesis of DNA in mature erythrocytes
C. Formation of bile salts in the gallbladder
D. Production of insulin by pancreatic beta cells
Answer: A. Rapid conversion between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. This reaction is
important for carbon dioxide transport and acid–base balance.
21. Which region of the brain is especially important for interpreting spoken language
and understanding meaningful words?
A. Wernicke’s area
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Cerebellar vermis
D. Hypothalamic nuclei controlling thirst
