MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 (CHAPTERS 1,
3-5) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS ALREADY
PASSED!!!
What is the formal definition of microbiology?
✔✔ The specialized area of biology that deals with living organisms ordinarily
too small to be seen without magnification (microorganisms).
What is the definition of a microorganism?
✔✔ A living organism that is ordinarily too small to be seen without
magnification (such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae).
What is meant by biological classification?
✔✔ The orderly arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups (taxa)
based on shared characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and genetic
similarities.
What is nomenclature in biological sciences?
✔✔ The standardized system of assigning names to organisms and taxonomic
groups.
What are the core rules and conventions of binomial nomenclature?
✔✔ Two-Name System: Every organism is assigned two names derived from
Latin or Greek: the Genus and the species.
✔✔ Formatting: Always italicized in print or underlined when handwritten.
✔✔ Capitalization: The Genus name is always capitalized, while the species
name is lowercase (e.g., Escherichia coli).
✔✔ Abbreviation: Once the full name has been mentioned in a text, the Genus
name can be abbreviated to its initial followed by a period (e.g., E. coli).
.
,Acellular organisms -ANSWER✔✔Viruses. Exist without a cellular structure.
Cellular organisms -ANSWER✔✔Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes -ANSWER✔✔Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in
membrane and lack specific organelles including a nucleus (bacteria).
Eukaryotes -ANSWER✔✔Organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in
nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algae).
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes -ANSWER✔✔Prokaryotic cells are smaller than
eukaryotic cells, and in addition to lacking a nucleus, they lack other complex
internal compartments called organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms while
only some eukaryotes are microorganisms (including algae, protozoa, molds and
yeasts- and even anthropods).
Binary fission -ANSWER✔✔The way bacteria reproduce. Splitting of a parent cell
into two equal parts.
Mycology -ANSWER✔✔The study of fungi.
Phycology -ANSWER✔✔The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae)
ranging from single celled forms to large seaweeds.
Pathogen -ANSWER✔✔Disease causing agents.
,Genetic engineering -ANSWER✔✔Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants,
and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified
organisms.
Recombinant DNA -ANSWER✔✔Switch DNA from one organism to another to
design new organisms.
Lactic acid bacteria -ANSWER✔✔Dairy products, yogurt and cheese.
Curds -ANSWER✔✔Solid chunks of day old milk, (fats and proteins etc. used in
cheese) and whey (mostly water). A gallon of milk yields only about 1.25 pounds
of cheese (weight lost is water).
Whey -ANSWER✔✔Liquid part of day old milk, mostly water.
Rennin -ANSWER✔✔Turn caseinogens to casein.
Curdling -ANSWER✔✔Products cause milk to separate into curds (the milk
solids, fats, proteins, etc.
Scientific method -ANSWER✔✔Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain
natural phenomenon.
Hypothesis -ANSWER✔✔A tentative explanation or statement to account for what
is observed or measured.
Theory -ANSWER✔✔Hypothesis backed by growing data.
, Spontaneous generation -ANSWER✔✔Life can rise from nonliving material.
Cell theory -ANSWER✔✔All things are made of cells.
Biogenesis -ANSWER✔✔the production of living organisms from other living
organisms
Fermentation -ANSWER✔✔Organisms convert sugar into alcohol or acid
(vinegar). Using bacterial/fungal enzymes, convert food substrate from one form to
another. Aid in slow food spoilage. Foods use it for flavor and other properties.
Fermentation products include Lactic acid, acetic acid, yeast, etc.
Pasteurization -ANSWER✔✔To kill organisms by heat, some spoiling agents still
stay.
Germ theory of disease -ANSWER✔✔Theory that microbes can invade other
organisms and cause diseases.
Koch's postulates -ANSWER✔✔Set of procedures to determine if a microbe
causes a certain disease. Verified the germ theory of disease.
Aseptic technique -ANSWER✔✔Aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting
and preventing wound infections. Lister proposed the idea of aspetic techniques
and the importance of hand washing and equipment sterilization.
Chemotherapy -ANSWER✔✔Treatment of disease by the use of chemical
substances. Now problem with drug resistance.
3-5) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS ALREADY
PASSED!!!
What is the formal definition of microbiology?
✔✔ The specialized area of biology that deals with living organisms ordinarily
too small to be seen without magnification (microorganisms).
What is the definition of a microorganism?
✔✔ A living organism that is ordinarily too small to be seen without
magnification (such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae).
What is meant by biological classification?
✔✔ The orderly arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups (taxa)
based on shared characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and genetic
similarities.
What is nomenclature in biological sciences?
✔✔ The standardized system of assigning names to organisms and taxonomic
groups.
What are the core rules and conventions of binomial nomenclature?
✔✔ Two-Name System: Every organism is assigned two names derived from
Latin or Greek: the Genus and the species.
✔✔ Formatting: Always italicized in print or underlined when handwritten.
✔✔ Capitalization: The Genus name is always capitalized, while the species
name is lowercase (e.g., Escherichia coli).
✔✔ Abbreviation: Once the full name has been mentioned in a text, the Genus
name can be abbreviated to its initial followed by a period (e.g., E. coli).
.
,Acellular organisms -ANSWER✔✔Viruses. Exist without a cellular structure.
Cellular organisms -ANSWER✔✔Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes -ANSWER✔✔Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in
membrane and lack specific organelles including a nucleus (bacteria).
Eukaryotes -ANSWER✔✔Organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in
nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algae).
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes -ANSWER✔✔Prokaryotic cells are smaller than
eukaryotic cells, and in addition to lacking a nucleus, they lack other complex
internal compartments called organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms while
only some eukaryotes are microorganisms (including algae, protozoa, molds and
yeasts- and even anthropods).
Binary fission -ANSWER✔✔The way bacteria reproduce. Splitting of a parent cell
into two equal parts.
Mycology -ANSWER✔✔The study of fungi.
Phycology -ANSWER✔✔The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae)
ranging from single celled forms to large seaweeds.
Pathogen -ANSWER✔✔Disease causing agents.
,Genetic engineering -ANSWER✔✔Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants,
and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified
organisms.
Recombinant DNA -ANSWER✔✔Switch DNA from one organism to another to
design new organisms.
Lactic acid bacteria -ANSWER✔✔Dairy products, yogurt and cheese.
Curds -ANSWER✔✔Solid chunks of day old milk, (fats and proteins etc. used in
cheese) and whey (mostly water). A gallon of milk yields only about 1.25 pounds
of cheese (weight lost is water).
Whey -ANSWER✔✔Liquid part of day old milk, mostly water.
Rennin -ANSWER✔✔Turn caseinogens to casein.
Curdling -ANSWER✔✔Products cause milk to separate into curds (the milk
solids, fats, proteins, etc.
Scientific method -ANSWER✔✔Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain
natural phenomenon.
Hypothesis -ANSWER✔✔A tentative explanation or statement to account for what
is observed or measured.
Theory -ANSWER✔✔Hypothesis backed by growing data.
, Spontaneous generation -ANSWER✔✔Life can rise from nonliving material.
Cell theory -ANSWER✔✔All things are made of cells.
Biogenesis -ANSWER✔✔the production of living organisms from other living
organisms
Fermentation -ANSWER✔✔Organisms convert sugar into alcohol or acid
(vinegar). Using bacterial/fungal enzymes, convert food substrate from one form to
another. Aid in slow food spoilage. Foods use it for flavor and other properties.
Fermentation products include Lactic acid, acetic acid, yeast, etc.
Pasteurization -ANSWER✔✔To kill organisms by heat, some spoiling agents still
stay.
Germ theory of disease -ANSWER✔✔Theory that microbes can invade other
organisms and cause diseases.
Koch's postulates -ANSWER✔✔Set of procedures to determine if a microbe
causes a certain disease. Verified the germ theory of disease.
Aseptic technique -ANSWER✔✔Aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting
and preventing wound infections. Lister proposed the idea of aspetic techniques
and the importance of hand washing and equipment sterilization.
Chemotherapy -ANSWER✔✔Treatment of disease by the use of chemical
substances. Now problem with drug resistance.
