BIO 1500 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 | EXAM
REVIEW & PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Once sucrose is loaded into the phloem from source cells via active transport, then ATP is required to
move the sucrose through the phloem.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ False
Fifteen years ago, your parents hung a swing from the lower branch of a large tree growing in your yard.
When you go and sit in it today, you realize it is exactly the same height off the ground as it was when
you first sat in it fifteen years ago. The reason the swing is not higher off the ground as the tree has
grown is that:
a. the tree trunk lacks secondary growth.
b. elongation is no longer occurring in that part of the tree.
c. trees lack apical meristems.
d. you are hallucinating, because it is impossible for the swing not to have been raised off the ground as
the tree grew. - Correct answer✅✅ Elongation is no longer occurring in that part of the tree
The pericarp is the:
a. ovary wall.
b. developing seed coat.
c. ovary.
d. mature endosperm. - Correct answer✅✅ Ovary Wall
What would be the consequence of removing the Casparian strip?
a. Water and mineral nutrients would not be able to reach the xylem.
b. There would be less selectivity as to what passed into the xylem.
c. Water and mineral nutrients would be lost from the xylem and pass back into the soil.
d. Water and mineral nutrients would no longer be able to pass through the cell walls of the
endodermis.
,e. Mineral nutrients dissolved in water would diffuse across the cell membranes of the endodermis via
osmosis. - Correct answer✅✅ There would be less selectivity as to what passed into the xylem
Which of the following is NOT true of the pine reproductive cycle?
a. Microsporangia form on the scales of the male cones.
b. Of the two sperm cells in the pollen tube, one fertilizes the egg and the other degenerates.
c. Each megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores, one of which will go on to
form the megagametophyte.
d. The pollen tube takes over a year to reach the ovule.
e. All of the above are true. - Correct answer✅✅ All of the above are true
The structures labeled A, B, C and D in the flower below are the __________, respectively.
a. sepal, petal, stamen and carpel
b. sepal, stamen, carpel and petal
c. carpel, stamen, petal and sepal
d. sepal, stamen, petal and carpel
e. carpel, sepal, stamen and petal - Correct answer✅✅ Sepal, Stamen, Carpel, Petal
Which of the following is an important evolutionary adaptation of seeds?
a. They maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions.
b. They protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable.
c. They provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food.
d. They facilitate dispersal of the embryo.
e. All of the above - Correct answer✅✅ All of the above
1. When an apical or lateral meristem cell divides, it gives rise to a differentiating cell and another
meristem cell.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ True
,__________ growth is the growth that occurs as a result of cell division of the __________ meristem and
increases the length of the root and shoot, while __________ growth is the growth that occurs as a
result of cell division of the __________ meristem and increases root and shoot diameter.
a. Secondary; apical; primary; lateral
b. Primary; lateral; secondary; apical
c. Primary; apical; secondary; lateral
d. Secondary; lateral; primary; apical - Correct answer✅✅ Primary; apical; secondary; lateral
Pneumatophores would most likely be part of a tree growing in a __________.
a. soybean field
b. glacier
c. saltwater marsh
d. coniferous forest - Correct answer✅✅ Saltwater Marsh
Water in a plant moves along a Ψw gradient from the soil to successively more positive water potentials
in the roots, stems and leaves.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ False
Halophytes can tolerate soils with __________ salt concentrations. They can do so by producing
__________ concentrations of organic molecules which __________ the water potential of the roots
and enhances water uptake from the soil.
a. high; high; increase
b. high; low; decrease
c. high; high; decrease
d. low; high; increase
e. low; low; increase - Correct answer✅✅ high; high; decrease
Which of the following is NOT true of the pressure-flow theory and phloem transport?
a. Growing embryos are carbohydrate sinks.
, b. Phloem transport is bidirectional.
c. At the sink, sucrose is removed from the phloem by active transport and water follows by osmosis.
d. Photosynthesizing leaves are carbohydrate sources.
e. At the source, water is pumped into the phloem via active transport and sucrose follows. - Correct
answer✅✅ At the source, water is pumped into the phloem via active transport and sucrose follows.
Angiosperm sieve tube members are wider than gymnosperm sieve cells.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ True
As temperature decreases, the rate of transpiration likely __________. Assume the stomata are open.
a. decreases
b. does not change
c. increases. - Correct answer✅✅ Decreases
A notable feature of gene duplication, when compared with other forms of mutation, is that it creates
genetic redundancy. (Geneticredundancyrefers to situations where a given biochemical function is
redundantly encoded by two or more genes.) This redundancy is believed to lead to evolutionary
innovations. For example, in the Antarctic icefish, an antifreeze protein gene evolved from a duplicate
copy of the sialic acid synthase gene. This is an example of:
a. neofunctionalization.
b. subfunctionalization.
c. the realization that lecture attendance might be useful.
d. gene degeneration. - Correct answer✅✅ neofunctionalization.
1. A pluripotent cell is one that is capable of giving rise to multiple different cell types. Which of the
following cell types would be characterized as pluripotent?
i. protoderm
ii. root apical meristem
iii. root hair
iv. tracheid
REVIEW & PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Once sucrose is loaded into the phloem from source cells via active transport, then ATP is required to
move the sucrose through the phloem.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ False
Fifteen years ago, your parents hung a swing from the lower branch of a large tree growing in your yard.
When you go and sit in it today, you realize it is exactly the same height off the ground as it was when
you first sat in it fifteen years ago. The reason the swing is not higher off the ground as the tree has
grown is that:
a. the tree trunk lacks secondary growth.
b. elongation is no longer occurring in that part of the tree.
c. trees lack apical meristems.
d. you are hallucinating, because it is impossible for the swing not to have been raised off the ground as
the tree grew. - Correct answer✅✅ Elongation is no longer occurring in that part of the tree
The pericarp is the:
a. ovary wall.
b. developing seed coat.
c. ovary.
d. mature endosperm. - Correct answer✅✅ Ovary Wall
What would be the consequence of removing the Casparian strip?
a. Water and mineral nutrients would not be able to reach the xylem.
b. There would be less selectivity as to what passed into the xylem.
c. Water and mineral nutrients would be lost from the xylem and pass back into the soil.
d. Water and mineral nutrients would no longer be able to pass through the cell walls of the
endodermis.
,e. Mineral nutrients dissolved in water would diffuse across the cell membranes of the endodermis via
osmosis. - Correct answer✅✅ There would be less selectivity as to what passed into the xylem
Which of the following is NOT true of the pine reproductive cycle?
a. Microsporangia form on the scales of the male cones.
b. Of the two sperm cells in the pollen tube, one fertilizes the egg and the other degenerates.
c. Each megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores, one of which will go on to
form the megagametophyte.
d. The pollen tube takes over a year to reach the ovule.
e. All of the above are true. - Correct answer✅✅ All of the above are true
The structures labeled A, B, C and D in the flower below are the __________, respectively.
a. sepal, petal, stamen and carpel
b. sepal, stamen, carpel and petal
c. carpel, stamen, petal and sepal
d. sepal, stamen, petal and carpel
e. carpel, sepal, stamen and petal - Correct answer✅✅ Sepal, Stamen, Carpel, Petal
Which of the following is an important evolutionary adaptation of seeds?
a. They maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions.
b. They protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable.
c. They provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food.
d. They facilitate dispersal of the embryo.
e. All of the above - Correct answer✅✅ All of the above
1. When an apical or lateral meristem cell divides, it gives rise to a differentiating cell and another
meristem cell.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ True
,__________ growth is the growth that occurs as a result of cell division of the __________ meristem and
increases the length of the root and shoot, while __________ growth is the growth that occurs as a
result of cell division of the __________ meristem and increases root and shoot diameter.
a. Secondary; apical; primary; lateral
b. Primary; lateral; secondary; apical
c. Primary; apical; secondary; lateral
d. Secondary; lateral; primary; apical - Correct answer✅✅ Primary; apical; secondary; lateral
Pneumatophores would most likely be part of a tree growing in a __________.
a. soybean field
b. glacier
c. saltwater marsh
d. coniferous forest - Correct answer✅✅ Saltwater Marsh
Water in a plant moves along a Ψw gradient from the soil to successively more positive water potentials
in the roots, stems and leaves.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ False
Halophytes can tolerate soils with __________ salt concentrations. They can do so by producing
__________ concentrations of organic molecules which __________ the water potential of the roots
and enhances water uptake from the soil.
a. high; high; increase
b. high; low; decrease
c. high; high; decrease
d. low; high; increase
e. low; low; increase - Correct answer✅✅ high; high; decrease
Which of the following is NOT true of the pressure-flow theory and phloem transport?
a. Growing embryos are carbohydrate sinks.
, b. Phloem transport is bidirectional.
c. At the sink, sucrose is removed from the phloem by active transport and water follows by osmosis.
d. Photosynthesizing leaves are carbohydrate sources.
e. At the source, water is pumped into the phloem via active transport and sucrose follows. - Correct
answer✅✅ At the source, water is pumped into the phloem via active transport and sucrose follows.
Angiosperm sieve tube members are wider than gymnosperm sieve cells.
a. True
b. False - Correct answer✅✅ True
As temperature decreases, the rate of transpiration likely __________. Assume the stomata are open.
a. decreases
b. does not change
c. increases. - Correct answer✅✅ Decreases
A notable feature of gene duplication, when compared with other forms of mutation, is that it creates
genetic redundancy. (Geneticredundancyrefers to situations where a given biochemical function is
redundantly encoded by two or more genes.) This redundancy is believed to lead to evolutionary
innovations. For example, in the Antarctic icefish, an antifreeze protein gene evolved from a duplicate
copy of the sialic acid synthase gene. This is an example of:
a. neofunctionalization.
b. subfunctionalization.
c. the realization that lecture attendance might be useful.
d. gene degeneration. - Correct answer✅✅ neofunctionalization.
1. A pluripotent cell is one that is capable of giving rise to multiple different cell types. Which of the
following cell types would be characterized as pluripotent?
i. protoderm
ii. root apical meristem
iii. root hair
iv. tracheid
