NUR 631 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Genetics
• Infectious Mononucleosis pg 966: is a benign, acute, self limiting lymphoprolif-
erative clinical syndrome characterized by acute viral infection of B lymphocytes.
Associated with several human infection most common is EBV
• Patho: in the immunocompetent individual, unaffected B cells produce
antibioses against the virus.
• CM: fever, malaise and arthralgia, sore throat, lymphadentits
• Evaluation: serologic test are used to determine a heterophile antibody
response. Heterophile Antibodies are heterogeneous group of IgM anti-
bodies that are agglutinins against nonhuman red blood cells and
are detected by qualitative (Monospot) or quantitative method
• IgA, IgE, IgM, EgG
· IgM: Largest of the immunoglobulins and usually exists as a pentamer that is sta-
bilized by a J chain. First antibody produced during the initial or primary re-
sponse to antigen pg 228
· IgG: most abundant, accounting for most of the protective activity against infec-
tion, long term immunity pg 226
· IgA: in secretions, toxin and bacterial neutralization pg 227
· IgE: low concentration in circulation. Functions as a mediator of many common
allergic responses and in the defense against parasitic infection pg 228
• Prader-Willi pg 180: Deletion of about 4 million base pairs of the long arm of
chromosome 15. Inherited from the father. Example of imprinting (either the
copy inherited through the sperm or the the egg is inactivated and remains in
this inactive state in all of the somatic cells of the individual. CM: short stature,
hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to moderate intellectual disability
and hypogonadism.
• Autosomal recessive disease:
o Autosomal dominant- Affected offspring are produced by the union of a
normal parent with an affected heterozygous parent
▪ Affected parent can pass either a disease gene or a normal gene to
his or her children
▪ Each event has a probability of 0.5, so on average half the children
will be normal and half will express the disease.
o Autosomal recessive– individual must be homozygous for a recessive al-
lele to express the disease – can survive the population one generation to
the next
, ▪ Characterized by delay of onset, incomplete penetrance, and vari-
able expressivity – most common is cystic fibrosis
▪ Recurrence risk for the offspring of carrier parents is 25%
• Prostate cancer pg 171: most common site for metastasis is bones
Cellular Biology
• Hyperplasia pg 49: increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that re-
sults from an increased rate of cellular division. Occurs as a response to injury
that results when the injury has been sever and prolonged. The production of
growth factor which stimulate the remains cells (after cell loss or injury) to syn-
thesize new cell competes and to divide, or increased output of new cells from
tissue stem cells.
• Compensatory hyperplasia: an adaptive mechanism that enables retains
organs to regenerate. Removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia
from the remaining liver cells to compensate for loss. The liver can renew
itself by simple duplication of fully differentiated cells. Pg 49
• Hormonal hyperplasie: estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast, after ovulation estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and
thicken and in pregnancy hormonal and hypertrophy enables the
uterus to enlarge
• Pathologic Hyperplasia: abnormal proliferation of normal cells, occurs
as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or effects of growth fac-
tors on target cells. Hyperplastic cells are identified by pronounced en-
largement of the nucleus, climbing of chromatin and the present of one of
more nucleoli. Example endometrial. Hormonal imbalance is corrected
hyperplasia regresses. Pg 49
• Types of necrosis: pg 88
• Fat: occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures. Cel-
lular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipase. Lipase breaks
down triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids which then combine with
calcium, magnesium and sodium ions creating soaps (saponification).
Appears opaque and chalk white.
• Gangrenous: death of tissue and results from severe hypoxic injury,
commonly occurs because of arteriosclerosis or boackageh of major ar-
teries. With hypoxia and subsequent bacterial invasion, tissue can un-
dergo necrosis
▪ Wet gangrene: develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing
liquefactive necrosis. Usually occurs in internal organs, causing the
stir to become cold, swollen, black. Could oder is present produced
by pus and if systemic symptoms become severe, death can ensure.
• Caseous: commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection. Com-
bination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. Dead cells disintegrate
but the debris is not digested completely by hydrolyses. Tissue appears
Genetics
• Infectious Mononucleosis pg 966: is a benign, acute, self limiting lymphoprolif-
erative clinical syndrome characterized by acute viral infection of B lymphocytes.
Associated with several human infection most common is EBV
• Patho: in the immunocompetent individual, unaffected B cells produce
antibioses against the virus.
• CM: fever, malaise and arthralgia, sore throat, lymphadentits
• Evaluation: serologic test are used to determine a heterophile antibody
response. Heterophile Antibodies are heterogeneous group of IgM anti-
bodies that are agglutinins against nonhuman red blood cells and
are detected by qualitative (Monospot) or quantitative method
• IgA, IgE, IgM, EgG
· IgM: Largest of the immunoglobulins and usually exists as a pentamer that is sta-
bilized by a J chain. First antibody produced during the initial or primary re-
sponse to antigen pg 228
· IgG: most abundant, accounting for most of the protective activity against infec-
tion, long term immunity pg 226
· IgA: in secretions, toxin and bacterial neutralization pg 227
· IgE: low concentration in circulation. Functions as a mediator of many common
allergic responses and in the defense against parasitic infection pg 228
• Prader-Willi pg 180: Deletion of about 4 million base pairs of the long arm of
chromosome 15. Inherited from the father. Example of imprinting (either the
copy inherited through the sperm or the the egg is inactivated and remains in
this inactive state in all of the somatic cells of the individual. CM: short stature,
hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to moderate intellectual disability
and hypogonadism.
• Autosomal recessive disease:
o Autosomal dominant- Affected offspring are produced by the union of a
normal parent with an affected heterozygous parent
▪ Affected parent can pass either a disease gene or a normal gene to
his or her children
▪ Each event has a probability of 0.5, so on average half the children
will be normal and half will express the disease.
o Autosomal recessive– individual must be homozygous for a recessive al-
lele to express the disease – can survive the population one generation to
the next
, ▪ Characterized by delay of onset, incomplete penetrance, and vari-
able expressivity – most common is cystic fibrosis
▪ Recurrence risk for the offspring of carrier parents is 25%
• Prostate cancer pg 171: most common site for metastasis is bones
Cellular Biology
• Hyperplasia pg 49: increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that re-
sults from an increased rate of cellular division. Occurs as a response to injury
that results when the injury has been sever and prolonged. The production of
growth factor which stimulate the remains cells (after cell loss or injury) to syn-
thesize new cell competes and to divide, or increased output of new cells from
tissue stem cells.
• Compensatory hyperplasia: an adaptive mechanism that enables retains
organs to regenerate. Removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia
from the remaining liver cells to compensate for loss. The liver can renew
itself by simple duplication of fully differentiated cells. Pg 49
• Hormonal hyperplasie: estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast, after ovulation estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and
thicken and in pregnancy hormonal and hypertrophy enables the
uterus to enlarge
• Pathologic Hyperplasia: abnormal proliferation of normal cells, occurs
as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or effects of growth fac-
tors on target cells. Hyperplastic cells are identified by pronounced en-
largement of the nucleus, climbing of chromatin and the present of one of
more nucleoli. Example endometrial. Hormonal imbalance is corrected
hyperplasia regresses. Pg 49
• Types of necrosis: pg 88
• Fat: occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures. Cel-
lular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipase. Lipase breaks
down triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids which then combine with
calcium, magnesium and sodium ions creating soaps (saponification).
Appears opaque and chalk white.
• Gangrenous: death of tissue and results from severe hypoxic injury,
commonly occurs because of arteriosclerosis or boackageh of major ar-
teries. With hypoxia and subsequent bacterial invasion, tissue can un-
dergo necrosis
▪ Wet gangrene: develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing
liquefactive necrosis. Usually occurs in internal organs, causing the
stir to become cold, swollen, black. Could oder is present produced
by pus and if systemic symptoms become severe, death can ensure.
• Caseous: commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection. Com-
bination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. Dead cells disintegrate
but the debris is not digested completely by hydrolyses. Tissue appears
