Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
Instructor Manual
Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration,
6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The Science of Psychology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter......................................................................2
Learning Objectives.......................................................................................................2
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments.................................................3
Key Terms.....................................................................................................................4
What’s New in This Chapter........................................................................................7
Chapter Outline.............................................................................................................7
Additional Discussion Questions..................................................................................8
Additional Activities and Assignments.........................................................................9
Additional Resources..................................................................................................10
External Videos........................................................................................................................................10
Internet Resources....................................................................................................................................11
Primary Sources....................................................................................................................................... 12
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce students to the science of psychology. The chapter begins with
an overview of the discipline and common misconceptions about the field. The main goals of psychology
and psychological research are provided, along with a discussion of how psychologists use the scientific
method to achieve these goals.
Next, the chapter details the steps involved when conducting research, including hypotheses, sampling,
and research methods. The distinction between predictive and causal hypotheses is discussed. An in-depth
presentation of how the scientific method is used to address psychological questions is provided with an
example. The ways that psychologists obtain participants are described along with the importance of
having a sample that is representative of the population of interest. The chapter then discusses these
common research methods and their application to psychological questions: naturalistic observations, case
studies, surveys, correlational studies, and experiments. Experimental research methods are presented in
detail, including the necessary conditions for an experiment, variables, and experimental and control
groups. The advantages and disadvantages of using each type of research method are discussed. The
chapter then discusses ethical principles when conducting research on humans and nonhumans.
Next, a brief history of the field and psychological perspectives is presented, before more modern
perspectives are reviewed. The chapter then moves on to discuss foundational fields of psychology,
exploring psychology’s roots and modern perspectives. Specialty areas in psychology are highlighted.
The chapter ends with a presentation of gender and ethnicity in the field of psychology and efforts to
increase the number of racial and ethnic minorities in psychology.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1.1.1 Define psychology.
1.1.2 Identify common misconceptions about the field of psychology.
1.2.1 Identify the goals of psychological research.
1.2.2 Outline the steps of the scientific method.
1.2.3 Distinguish between predictive and causal hypotheses.
1.2.4 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of observational, survey, correlational, and
experimental research methods and the types of conclusions that can be drawn about behavior
from each method.
1.3.1 Describe the main ethical principles that guide psychologists as they conduct research.
1.4.1 Distinguish among the seven modern perspectives of psychology and the eclectic approach.
1.4.2 Identify the major historical figures that influenced psychology’s development.
1.4.3 Compare and contrast the different specialty areas of the profession.
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
1.4.4 Describe how women and minoritized groups have contributed to the field of psychology.
[return to top]
COMPLETE LIST OF CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND
ASSESSMENTS
The following table organizes activities and assessments by objective, so that you can appreciate how all
this content relates to objectives and make decisions about which content you would like to emphasize in
your class based on your objectives. For additional guidance, refer to the Teaching Online Guide.
Learning Activity/Assessment Source Duration
Objective
Icebreaker PowerPoint 10 minutes
1.1.2 Written Reflection 1 PowerPoint 15 minutes
1.2.1 Knowledge Check 1 PowerPoint 5 minutes
1.2.2 Discussion Activity 1 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.2.4 Knowledge Check 2 PowerPoint 5 minutes
1.3.1 Think, Pair, Share Activity 1 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.4.1 Discussion Activity 2 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.4.1 Written Assignment 1 PowerPoint 5 minutes
1.4.3 Think, Pair, Share Activity 2 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.4.4 Written Reflection 2 PowerPoint 15 minutes
1.1.1–1.4.4 Self-Assessment PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.1.1 & 1.4.3 Why Does The Field of MindTap 5 minutes
Psychology Matter to Me?
1.1.1–1.2.4 Learn It: What is Psychology and MindTap 5–10 minutes
the Science of Psychology
1.3.1 Learn It: Ethical Principles of MindTap 5–10 minutes
Psychological Research
1.4.1 Learn It: Psychology in the MindTap 5–10 minutes
Modern World: Foundations and
Growth
1.1.1-1.4.4 Study It: Mastery Training MindTap 5-15 minutes
1.1.1-1.4.4 Study It: Student PowerPoint MindTap 5-15 minutes
1.1.2 Apply It: Research in the Real MindTap 10 minutes
World: Psychology Myths
1.2.2 Apply It: Research in the Real MindTap 10 minutes
World: The Research Replication
Crisis
1.1.1 Apply It: In My Life: Study Habits MindTap 10-15 minutes
1.2.2-1.2.3 Apply It: In My Life: Scientific MindTap 10-15 minutes
Method
1.1.1–1.4.4 Apply It: Chapter Quiz MindTap 15–20 minutes
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
[return to top]
KEY TERMS
Behavioral perspective: an approach that focuses on external, environmental influences on behavior
Behaviorism: a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable stimuli, responses,
and consequences
Biological perspectives: an approach that focuses on physical causes of behavior
Case study: an in-depth observation of one or a few participants or settings
Causal hypothesis: an educated guess about how one variable will influence another variable
Cognition: mental processes such as reasoning and problem solving
Cognitive perspective: an approach that focuses on how mental processes influence behavior
Confidentiality: the ethical principle that researchers do not reveal which data were collected from
which participant
Confirmation bias: a tendency to interpret people’s behavior in a way that supports our expectations
Confounding variables: factors other than the independent variable that affect the dependent
measure
Control group: the group of participants who do not receive the manipulation that is being tested
Correlation [cor-ruh-LAY-shun]: the relationships between two or more variables
Critical thinking: thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other
situations
Debriefing: the ethical principle that participants be fully informed of the nature of the study after
participating in research involving deception
Dependent variable: the variable in an experiment that measures any effect of the manipulation
Double-blind studies: experiments in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know to
which group (experimental or control) participants have been assigned
Eclectic [e-KLECK-tic] approach: an approach that integrates and combines several perspectives
when explaining behavior
Evolutionary perspective: an approach that focuses on how evolution and natural selection
influence behavior
Experiment: a research method that is used to test causal hypotheses
Experimental group: the group of participants who receive the manipulation that is being tested
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Science of Psychology
Instructor Manual
Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration,
6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The Science of Psychology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter......................................................................2
Learning Objectives.......................................................................................................2
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments.................................................3
Key Terms.....................................................................................................................4
What’s New in This Chapter........................................................................................7
Chapter Outline.............................................................................................................7
Additional Discussion Questions..................................................................................8
Additional Activities and Assignments.........................................................................9
Additional Resources..................................................................................................10
External Videos........................................................................................................................................10
Internet Resources....................................................................................................................................11
Primary Sources....................................................................................................................................... 12
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce students to the science of psychology. The chapter begins with
an overview of the discipline and common misconceptions about the field. The main goals of psychology
and psychological research are provided, along with a discussion of how psychologists use the scientific
method to achieve these goals.
Next, the chapter details the steps involved when conducting research, including hypotheses, sampling,
and research methods. The distinction between predictive and causal hypotheses is discussed. An in-depth
presentation of how the scientific method is used to address psychological questions is provided with an
example. The ways that psychologists obtain participants are described along with the importance of
having a sample that is representative of the population of interest. The chapter then discusses these
common research methods and their application to psychological questions: naturalistic observations, case
studies, surveys, correlational studies, and experiments. Experimental research methods are presented in
detail, including the necessary conditions for an experiment, variables, and experimental and control
groups. The advantages and disadvantages of using each type of research method are discussed. The
chapter then discusses ethical principles when conducting research on humans and nonhumans.
Next, a brief history of the field and psychological perspectives is presented, before more modern
perspectives are reviewed. The chapter then moves on to discuss foundational fields of psychology,
exploring psychology’s roots and modern perspectives. Specialty areas in psychology are highlighted.
The chapter ends with a presentation of gender and ethnicity in the field of psychology and efforts to
increase the number of racial and ethnic minorities in psychology.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1.1.1 Define psychology.
1.1.2 Identify common misconceptions about the field of psychology.
1.2.1 Identify the goals of psychological research.
1.2.2 Outline the steps of the scientific method.
1.2.3 Distinguish between predictive and causal hypotheses.
1.2.4 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of observational, survey, correlational, and
experimental research methods and the types of conclusions that can be drawn about behavior
from each method.
1.3.1 Describe the main ethical principles that guide psychologists as they conduct research.
1.4.1 Distinguish among the seven modern perspectives of psychology and the eclectic approach.
1.4.2 Identify the major historical figures that influenced psychology’s development.
1.4.3 Compare and contrast the different specialty areas of the profession.
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
1.4.4 Describe how women and minoritized groups have contributed to the field of psychology.
[return to top]
COMPLETE LIST OF CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND
ASSESSMENTS
The following table organizes activities and assessments by objective, so that you can appreciate how all
this content relates to objectives and make decisions about which content you would like to emphasize in
your class based on your objectives. For additional guidance, refer to the Teaching Online Guide.
Learning Activity/Assessment Source Duration
Objective
Icebreaker PowerPoint 10 minutes
1.1.2 Written Reflection 1 PowerPoint 15 minutes
1.2.1 Knowledge Check 1 PowerPoint 5 minutes
1.2.2 Discussion Activity 1 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.2.4 Knowledge Check 2 PowerPoint 5 minutes
1.3.1 Think, Pair, Share Activity 1 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.4.1 Discussion Activity 2 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.4.1 Written Assignment 1 PowerPoint 5 minutes
1.4.3 Think, Pair, Share Activity 2 PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.4.4 Written Reflection 2 PowerPoint 15 minutes
1.1.1–1.4.4 Self-Assessment PowerPoint 5–10 minutes
1.1.1 & 1.4.3 Why Does The Field of MindTap 5 minutes
Psychology Matter to Me?
1.1.1–1.2.4 Learn It: What is Psychology and MindTap 5–10 minutes
the Science of Psychology
1.3.1 Learn It: Ethical Principles of MindTap 5–10 minutes
Psychological Research
1.4.1 Learn It: Psychology in the MindTap 5–10 minutes
Modern World: Foundations and
Growth
1.1.1-1.4.4 Study It: Mastery Training MindTap 5-15 minutes
1.1.1-1.4.4 Study It: Student PowerPoint MindTap 5-15 minutes
1.1.2 Apply It: Research in the Real MindTap 10 minutes
World: Psychology Myths
1.2.2 Apply It: Research in the Real MindTap 10 minutes
World: The Research Replication
Crisis
1.1.1 Apply It: In My Life: Study Habits MindTap 10-15 minutes
1.2.2-1.2.3 Apply It: In My Life: Scientific MindTap 10-15 minutes
Method
1.1.1–1.4.4 Apply It: Chapter Quiz MindTap 15–20 minutes
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Pastorino, What is Psychology?: Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 6e, 2027, 9798214158020; Chapter 01: The
Science of Psychology
[return to top]
KEY TERMS
Behavioral perspective: an approach that focuses on external, environmental influences on behavior
Behaviorism: a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable stimuli, responses,
and consequences
Biological perspectives: an approach that focuses on physical causes of behavior
Case study: an in-depth observation of one or a few participants or settings
Causal hypothesis: an educated guess about how one variable will influence another variable
Cognition: mental processes such as reasoning and problem solving
Cognitive perspective: an approach that focuses on how mental processes influence behavior
Confidentiality: the ethical principle that researchers do not reveal which data were collected from
which participant
Confirmation bias: a tendency to interpret people’s behavior in a way that supports our expectations
Confounding variables: factors other than the independent variable that affect the dependent
measure
Control group: the group of participants who do not receive the manipulation that is being tested
Correlation [cor-ruh-LAY-shun]: the relationships between two or more variables
Critical thinking: thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other
situations
Debriefing: the ethical principle that participants be fully informed of the nature of the study after
participating in research involving deception
Dependent variable: the variable in an experiment that measures any effect of the manipulation
Double-blind studies: experiments in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know to
which group (experimental or control) participants have been assigned
Eclectic [e-KLECK-tic] approach: an approach that integrates and combines several perspectives
when explaining behavior
Evolutionary perspective: an approach that focuses on how evolution and natural selection
influence behavior
Experiment: a research method that is used to test causal hypotheses
Experimental group: the group of participants who receive the manipulation that is being tested
a
© 2027 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4
accessible website, in whole or in part.
