WGU D758 Considerations for Instructional Planning for
Learners: Exam 2 - Questions with Correct Answers
100 questions
1. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes that students learn by:
A. Classical conditioning only
B. Biological maturation alone
C. Trial and error with no social influence
D. Observing and imitating models
Correct Answer: D. Observing and imitating models
Rationale: Bandura showed that learning occurs through observation, with attention, retention,
reproduction and motivation as key processes. Teacher modeling and peer models therefore shape
behavior and skills.
2. According to Piaget, a typical 9-year-old is in which stage of cognitive development?
A. Sensorimotor
B. Concrete operational
C. Preoperational
D. Formal operational
Correct Answer: B. Concrete operational
Rationale: Piaget's concrete operational stage spans roughly ages 7 to 11, when children reason logically
about concrete objects and master conservation. Formal operational thinking, which handles abstract
hypotheses, typically emerges around age 11-12 and older.
3. Learned helplessness may develop when a student:
A. Repeatedly experiences failure and believes effort makes no difference
B. Experiences consistent success
C. Receives specific feedback
D. Sets goals regularly
Correct Answer: A. Repeatedly experiences failure and believes effort makes no difference
Rationale: Repeated failure without a sense of control can lead students to stop trying. Designing for
early success, teaching strategies and attributing outcomes to controllable factors counter it.
,4. Cognitive load theory suggests teachers should:
A. Present as much information as possible at once
B. Add decorative graphics to every slide
C. Break complex material into manageable chunks and reduce unnecessary information
D. Avoid worked examples
Correct Answer: C. Break complex material into manageable chunks and reduce unnecessary
information
Rationale: Working memory is limited, so lessons should minimize extraneous load and manage intrinsic
load through chunking, worked examples and clear visuals. Irrelevant decorations add extraneous load
and can hinder learning.
5. Retrieval practice improves learning because:
A. It replaces instruction
B. It only measures learning
C. It increases forgetting
D. Recalling information strengthens memory more than rereading
Correct Answer: D. Recalling information strengthens memory more than rereading
Rationale: The 'testing effect' shows that low-stakes quizzing and recall activities strengthen long-term
retention. Rereading feels productive but produces weaker gains.
6. Typical language development in early childhood includes:
A. Rapid vocabulary growth and increasingly complex sentences
B. No change after age 2
C. Loss of vocabulary at age 4
D. Mastery of all grammar by age 1
Correct Answer: A. Rapid vocabulary growth and increasingly complex sentences
Rationale: Children's vocabulary and syntax expand quickly between ages 2 and 6. Noticeable delays
may warrant screening for speech or language impairment.
,7. Wait time after asking a question is important because:
A. It gives students time to process and improves the quality and number of responses
B. It wastes instructional time
C. It only helps fast learners
D. It reduces participation
Correct Answer: A. It gives students time to process and improves the quality and number of
responses
Rationale: Rowe's research showed that waiting 3-5 seconds increases response length, participation
and higher-order answers. It especially helps English learners and students who process more slowly.
8. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory emphasizes that development is influenced by:
A. Nested environments, from family and school to community and culture
B. Genetics only
C. The classroom only
D. Peers only
Correct Answer: A. Nested environments, from family and school to community and culture
Rationale: The microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem all interact to
shape development. Teachers who understand a student's broader context can plan more responsive
supports.
9. Students experiencing homelessness are protected by:
A. FERPA only
B. The McKinney-Vento Act, which ensures school stability and enrollment rights
C. Title IX
D. The Every Student Succeeds Act's testing rules only
Correct Answer: B. The McKinney-Vento Act, which ensures school stability and enrollment
rights
Rationale: McKinney-Vento guarantees immediate enrollment, transportation to the school of origin and a
district liaison. Teachers may be the first to notice signs of housing instability.
, 10. An asset-based approach to planning:
A. Focuses only on deficits
B. Ignores student backgrounds
C. Assumes all students need remediation
D. Starts from what students can do and the resources they bring
Correct Answer: D. Starts from what students can do and the resources they bring
Rationale: Asset-based planning leverages strengths to address needs, which supports motivation and
achievement. It does not ignore needs; it frames them within strengths.
11. When a family's home language is not English, school communication should:
A. Be provided in a language the family understands, using qualified interpreters
B. Be in English only
C. Rely on the student to translate
D. Be avoided
Correct Answer: A. Be provided in a language the family understands, using qualified
interpreters
Rationale: Federal civil rights law (Title VI) requires meaningful communication with parents who have
limited English proficiency. Using children as interpreters places an inappropriate burden on them.
12. 'Funds of knowledge' refers to:
A. The skills and knowledge students bring from their households and communities
B. School funding formulas
C. Gifted program resources
D. Standardized test scores
Correct Answer: A. The skills and knowledge students bring from their households and
communities
Rationale: Moll and colleagues showed that families hold rich knowledge, for example in trades,
caregiving or languages. Teachers who draw on it build bridges between home and school learning.
Learners: Exam 2 - Questions with Correct Answers
100 questions
1. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes that students learn by:
A. Classical conditioning only
B. Biological maturation alone
C. Trial and error with no social influence
D. Observing and imitating models
Correct Answer: D. Observing and imitating models
Rationale: Bandura showed that learning occurs through observation, with attention, retention,
reproduction and motivation as key processes. Teacher modeling and peer models therefore shape
behavior and skills.
2. According to Piaget, a typical 9-year-old is in which stage of cognitive development?
A. Sensorimotor
B. Concrete operational
C. Preoperational
D. Formal operational
Correct Answer: B. Concrete operational
Rationale: Piaget's concrete operational stage spans roughly ages 7 to 11, when children reason logically
about concrete objects and master conservation. Formal operational thinking, which handles abstract
hypotheses, typically emerges around age 11-12 and older.
3. Learned helplessness may develop when a student:
A. Repeatedly experiences failure and believes effort makes no difference
B. Experiences consistent success
C. Receives specific feedback
D. Sets goals regularly
Correct Answer: A. Repeatedly experiences failure and believes effort makes no difference
Rationale: Repeated failure without a sense of control can lead students to stop trying. Designing for
early success, teaching strategies and attributing outcomes to controllable factors counter it.
,4. Cognitive load theory suggests teachers should:
A. Present as much information as possible at once
B. Add decorative graphics to every slide
C. Break complex material into manageable chunks and reduce unnecessary information
D. Avoid worked examples
Correct Answer: C. Break complex material into manageable chunks and reduce unnecessary
information
Rationale: Working memory is limited, so lessons should minimize extraneous load and manage intrinsic
load through chunking, worked examples and clear visuals. Irrelevant decorations add extraneous load
and can hinder learning.
5. Retrieval practice improves learning because:
A. It replaces instruction
B. It only measures learning
C. It increases forgetting
D. Recalling information strengthens memory more than rereading
Correct Answer: D. Recalling information strengthens memory more than rereading
Rationale: The 'testing effect' shows that low-stakes quizzing and recall activities strengthen long-term
retention. Rereading feels productive but produces weaker gains.
6. Typical language development in early childhood includes:
A. Rapid vocabulary growth and increasingly complex sentences
B. No change after age 2
C. Loss of vocabulary at age 4
D. Mastery of all grammar by age 1
Correct Answer: A. Rapid vocabulary growth and increasingly complex sentences
Rationale: Children's vocabulary and syntax expand quickly between ages 2 and 6. Noticeable delays
may warrant screening for speech or language impairment.
,7. Wait time after asking a question is important because:
A. It gives students time to process and improves the quality and number of responses
B. It wastes instructional time
C. It only helps fast learners
D. It reduces participation
Correct Answer: A. It gives students time to process and improves the quality and number of
responses
Rationale: Rowe's research showed that waiting 3-5 seconds increases response length, participation
and higher-order answers. It especially helps English learners and students who process more slowly.
8. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory emphasizes that development is influenced by:
A. Nested environments, from family and school to community and culture
B. Genetics only
C. The classroom only
D. Peers only
Correct Answer: A. Nested environments, from family and school to community and culture
Rationale: The microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem all interact to
shape development. Teachers who understand a student's broader context can plan more responsive
supports.
9. Students experiencing homelessness are protected by:
A. FERPA only
B. The McKinney-Vento Act, which ensures school stability and enrollment rights
C. Title IX
D. The Every Student Succeeds Act's testing rules only
Correct Answer: B. The McKinney-Vento Act, which ensures school stability and enrollment
rights
Rationale: McKinney-Vento guarantees immediate enrollment, transportation to the school of origin and a
district liaison. Teachers may be the first to notice signs of housing instability.
, 10. An asset-based approach to planning:
A. Focuses only on deficits
B. Ignores student backgrounds
C. Assumes all students need remediation
D. Starts from what students can do and the resources they bring
Correct Answer: D. Starts from what students can do and the resources they bring
Rationale: Asset-based planning leverages strengths to address needs, which supports motivation and
achievement. It does not ignore needs; it frames them within strengths.
11. When a family's home language is not English, school communication should:
A. Be provided in a language the family understands, using qualified interpreters
B. Be in English only
C. Rely on the student to translate
D. Be avoided
Correct Answer: A. Be provided in a language the family understands, using qualified
interpreters
Rationale: Federal civil rights law (Title VI) requires meaningful communication with parents who have
limited English proficiency. Using children as interpreters places an inappropriate burden on them.
12. 'Funds of knowledge' refers to:
A. The skills and knowledge students bring from their households and communities
B. School funding formulas
C. Gifted program resources
D. Standardized test scores
Correct Answer: A. The skills and knowledge students bring from their households and
communities
Rationale: Moll and colleagues showed that families hold rich knowledge, for example in trades,
caregiving or languages. Teachers who draw on it build bridges between home and school learning.
