C175 DATA MANAGEMENT -
FOUNDATIONS PRACTICE EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
AND DETAILED EXPLANATIONS.
2026/2027
1. Which of the following describes the characteristic of a primary key?
A. It must be a single attribute.
B. It must be unique and cannot contain null values.
C. It is used to link to a parent table.
D. It can contain duplicate values across different rows.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table and
cannot contain null values to ensure entity integrity.
2. In a relational database, what is a ‘tuple’?
A. A column in a table.
B. A row in a table.
C. A relationship between tables.
,D. A data type definition.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: In relational algebra and database theory, a tuple represents a
single row or record in a relation (table).
3. Which normal form requires the removal of partial functional dependencies?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
C. Third Normal Form (3NF)
D. Second Normal Form (2NF)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: 2NF requires the table to be in 1NF and all non-key attributes to
be fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, thus removing partial
dependencies.
4. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. GROUP BY
D. HAVING
, Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
5. A relationship where one entity instance is associated with many instances of another
entity, and vice versa, is called:
A. One-to-One
B. Many-to-Many
C. One-to-Many
D. Recursive
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A many-to-many relationship occurs when multiple records in
one table are associated with multiple records in another table.
6. What is the purpose of a Foreign Key?
A. To ensure every row is unique.
B. To define the data type of a column.
C. To speed up data retrieval.
D. To provide a link between data in two tables.
Answer: D
FOUNDATIONS PRACTICE EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
AND DETAILED EXPLANATIONS.
2026/2027
1. Which of the following describes the characteristic of a primary key?
A. It must be a single attribute.
B. It must be unique and cannot contain null values.
C. It is used to link to a parent table.
D. It can contain duplicate values across different rows.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table and
cannot contain null values to ensure entity integrity.
2. In a relational database, what is a ‘tuple’?
A. A column in a table.
B. A row in a table.
C. A relationship between tables.
,D. A data type definition.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: In relational algebra and database theory, a tuple represents a
single row or record in a relation (table).
3. Which normal form requires the removal of partial functional dependencies?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
C. Third Normal Form (3NF)
D. Second Normal Form (2NF)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: 2NF requires the table to be in 1NF and all non-key attributes to
be fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, thus removing partial
dependencies.
4. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. GROUP BY
D. HAVING
, Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
5. A relationship where one entity instance is associated with many instances of another
entity, and vice versa, is called:
A. One-to-One
B. Many-to-Many
C. One-to-Many
D. Recursive
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A many-to-many relationship occurs when multiple records in
one table are associated with multiple records in another table.
6. What is the purpose of a Foreign Key?
A. To ensure every row is unique.
B. To define the data type of a column.
C. To speed up data retrieval.
D. To provide a link between data in two tables.
Answer: D
