C175 DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
AND DETAILED EXPLANATIONS.
2026/2027
1. Which normal form is specifically designed to handle transitive dependencies where a non-
key attribute is dependent on another non-key attribute?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Second Normal Form (2NF)
C. Third Normal Form (3NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: 3NF requires that all non-key attributes are not only functionally
dependent on the primary key, but also that no non-key attribute depends on another non-
key attribute (transitive dependency).
,2. In a relational model, which property ensures that a foreign key value must either match a
primary key value in another table or be null?
A. Entity Integrity
B. User-defined Integrity
C. Domain Integrity
D. Referential Integrity
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Referential integrity maintains consistency between related
tables by ensuring foreign keys point to valid primary keys.
3. Which SQL clause is used to filter results based on an aggregate function value?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. GROUP BY
D. HAVING
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
4. What is the primary characteristic of a ‘Weak’ entity in an ERD?
A. It has no attributes.
, B. It does not have a foreign key.
C. It cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone and depends on a parent
entity.
D. It exists independently of any other entity type.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A weak entity’s existence is dependent on a ‘strong’ or
identifying entity, and its primary key usually includes the primary key of the identifying
entity.
5. During which phase of the database life cycle is the Crow’s Foot notation most commonly
used to define relationships?
A. Physical Design
B. Conceptual/Logical Design
C. Implementation
D. Operation and Maintenance
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Crow’s foot notation is a standard way to represent cardinality
in Entity Relationship Diagrams during logical modeling.
6. Which of the following is an example of a Data Definition Language (DDL) command?
A. SELECT
FOUNDATIONS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
AND DETAILED EXPLANATIONS.
2026/2027
1. Which normal form is specifically designed to handle transitive dependencies where a non-
key attribute is dependent on another non-key attribute?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Second Normal Form (2NF)
C. Third Normal Form (3NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: 3NF requires that all non-key attributes are not only functionally
dependent on the primary key, but also that no non-key attribute depends on another non-
key attribute (transitive dependency).
,2. In a relational model, which property ensures that a foreign key value must either match a
primary key value in another table or be null?
A. Entity Integrity
B. User-defined Integrity
C. Domain Integrity
D. Referential Integrity
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Referential integrity maintains consistency between related
tables by ensuring foreign keys point to valid primary keys.
3. Which SQL clause is used to filter results based on an aggregate function value?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. GROUP BY
D. HAVING
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
4. What is the primary characteristic of a ‘Weak’ entity in an ERD?
A. It has no attributes.
, B. It does not have a foreign key.
C. It cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone and depends on a parent
entity.
D. It exists independently of any other entity type.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A weak entity’s existence is dependent on a ‘strong’ or
identifying entity, and its primary key usually includes the primary key of the identifying
entity.
5. During which phase of the database life cycle is the Crow’s Foot notation most commonly
used to define relationships?
A. Physical Design
B. Conceptual/Logical Design
C. Implementation
D. Operation and Maintenance
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Crow’s foot notation is a standard way to represent cardinality
in Entity Relationship Diagrams during logical modeling.
6. Which of the following is an example of a Data Definition Language (DDL) command?
A. SELECT
