C175 DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS COMPREHENSIVE
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS AND DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS. 2026/2027
1. Which normal form requires that all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on
the entire primary key and not on any subset of the key?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) addresses partial dependencies. A
table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are dependent on the whole primary
key.
,2. In the relational model, which property ensures that every row in a table is unique?
A. Entity Integrity
B. Referential Integrity
C. Domain Integrity
D. Constraint Integrity
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Entity Integrity ensures that each row is unique and that the
primary key is not null.
3. Which SQL clause is used to filter results based on an aggregate function?
A. HAVING
B. GROUP BY
C. WHERE
D. ORDER BY
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
4. What type of relationship is resolved by creating an associative (junction) table?
A. One-to-One (1:1)
, B. One-to-Many (1:M)
C. Self-referencing
D. Many-to-Many (M:N)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In a relational database, Many-to-Many relationships cannot be
directly implemented and must be broken down into two One-to-Many relationships using
a junction table.
5. Which ACID property ensures that a transaction is all-or-nothing, meaning if one part fails,
the whole transaction fails?
A. Consistency
B. Atomicity
C. Isolation
D. Durability
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Atomicity ensures that all operations within a transaction are
completed successfully; otherwise, the transaction is aborted at the point of failure and
previous operations are rolled back.
FOUNDATIONS COMPREHENSIVE
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS AND DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS. 2026/2027
1. Which normal form requires that all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on
the entire primary key and not on any subset of the key?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) addresses partial dependencies. A
table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are dependent on the whole primary
key.
,2. In the relational model, which property ensures that every row in a table is unique?
A. Entity Integrity
B. Referential Integrity
C. Domain Integrity
D. Constraint Integrity
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Entity Integrity ensures that each row is unique and that the
primary key is not null.
3. Which SQL clause is used to filter results based on an aggregate function?
A. HAVING
B. GROUP BY
C. WHERE
D. ORDER BY
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
4. What type of relationship is resolved by creating an associative (junction) table?
A. One-to-One (1:1)
, B. One-to-Many (1:M)
C. Self-referencing
D. Many-to-Many (M:N)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In a relational database, Many-to-Many relationships cannot be
directly implemented and must be broken down into two One-to-Many relationships using
a junction table.
5. Which ACID property ensures that a transaction is all-or-nothing, meaning if one part fails,
the whole transaction fails?
A. Consistency
B. Atomicity
C. Isolation
D. Durability
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Atomicity ensures that all operations within a transaction are
completed successfully; otherwise, the transaction is aborted at the point of failure and
previous operations are rolled back.
