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The principal hormones influencing growth are GH and the IGFs.
True or false -ANSWER-true
There are many hormones that influence growth, but the principal
hormones are GH and the IGFs.
List three endocrine organs that need evaluation and provide a
rationale for each. -ANSWER--The thyroid gland should be evaluated
because adequate thyroid hormone is required for normal bone
growth.
-The adrenal gland should be evaluated because Cushing syndrome,
while rare, results in hypersecretion of corticosteroids leading to short
stature.
-The pituitary gland should be evaluated since growth hormone is
secreted by the pituitary gland. Hypofunction of the pituitary gland
results in growth problems.
Koplik's spots are small red papules with white centers found on buccal
mucosa by the lower molars and are indicative of measles.
True or False -ANSWER-TRUE Koplik's spots are a prodromic viral
enanthem of measles manifesting approximately two to three days
before the measles rash begins.
,What are three deteriorations in abilities that commonly characterize
dementia? -ANSWER-Dementia is the progressive failure (an acquired
deterioration) of many cerebral functions that include impairment of
intellectual function with a decrease in orienting, memory, language,
executive attentional functions, and alterations in behavior.
Which two clinical manifestations are characteristic of cluster
headaches? -ANSWER-The cluster headache attack usually begins
without warning and is characterized by severe unilateral tearing,
burning, and periorbital, retrobulbar, or temporal pain lasting from 30
minutes to two hours. This pain may be disabling.
Which two statements are true regarding myelodysplasia?
Myelodysplasia is used to define a defect in the formation of the spinal
cord.
Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to a form of spina bifida.
Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to brain anomalies involving
missing brain tissue.
Myelodysplasia correctly includes encephaloceles.
Myelodysplasia is used to describe a herniation of the brain and
meninges through a defect in the skull. -ANSWER-Although
myelodysplasia is defined as a defect in the formation of the spinal
cord, the term is also used to refer to anomalies of both the vertebral
column and spinal cord. Birth defects in which the vertebrae fail to
close are known as spina bifida (split spine).
,Which four problems are experienced by individuals with depression? -
ANSWER-Insomnia, hypersomnia, and other disturbances in sleep
cycles frequently accompany depression. Increases or decreases in
body weight, which may be due to side effects of medication or
changes in self-worth, may also accompany depression. Loss of appetite
and anorexia frequently accompany unipolar depression, and
overeating frequently accompanies other types of depression.
Approximately 20 to 30% of people with unipolar depression have an
altered hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) system.
Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children may
mimic symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
True or False -ANSWER-True
Symptoms of PTSD in children often lead to being restless, being
fidgety, and trouble staying focused and organized, leading to a false
diagnosis of ADHD.
A patient has a hernial protrusion of a sac-like cyst containing
meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a deficit
in the spinal column.Which condition does this describe? -ANSWER-
Myelomeningocele is a type of spina bifida, a neural tube defect, which
is rarely covered by skin and protrudes from the back exposing spinal
cord tissue.
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels? -
ANSWER-PTH-Found in the tissue of the thyroid are parafollicular cells,
, or C cells. C cells secrete various regulatory peptides, including
calcitonin, and, in much smaller quantities, the neuropeptides ghrelin,
serotonin, and somatostatin. At high levels, calcitonin, also called
thyrocalcitonin, lowers serum calcium levels by inhibiting bone-
resorbing osteoclasts.
What are three areas of possible microvascular complications in chronic
diabetes mellitus? -ANSWER-Of the options provided, the area's most
often affected by chronic complications of diabetes mellitus are the
retina, kidneys, and nerves. One area most often affected by
complications of diabetes mellitus is the retina. Microvascular retinal
damage is a major cause of blindness and a complication of diabetes.
Renal damage and failure due to microvascular damage of the kidneys
is also a complication of diabetes. Furthermore, nerve damage is a
common diabetes complication resulting in chronic pain and disability.
Pediatric type 1 diabetes occurs when approximately 20% of beta cells
have been damaged or destroyed.
True
False -ANSWER-False
Type 1 diabetes occurs when approximately 90% of beta cells have
been damaged or destroyed.
How many months of unprotected intercourse with the same partner
with an inability to conceive would be considered infertility? -ANSWER-
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of
unprotected intercourse with the same partner.