School Counselor Praxis (5422) Questions with Correct Answers
(Grade A+)
Question 1: Piaget
Answer: theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive
development; kids learn through process of adaptation, kids actively structure and organize knowledge by
exploring the world
Question 2: assimilation
Answer: interpreting new experiences in ways that fit what we already know (our schemas)
Question 3: accommodation
Answer: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information; modifying existing
knowledge to better match what is new
Question 4: sensorimotor stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the
world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Question 5: preoperational stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use
language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic; goal-direct behavior,
cognitive flexibility, exploratory play
Question 6: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Answer: the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions
between members of a culture
Question 7: scaffolding
Answer: Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of
performance
Question 8: zone of proximal development
Answer: In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential
knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction
Page 1
,Question 9: concrete operational stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during
which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events;
egocentric, but can't think logically about abstract things
Question 10: formal operational stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during
which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Question 11: Trust vs. Mistrust
Answer: Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a
consistent warm manner
Question 12: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Answer: Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to
do so causes shame and doubt
Question 13: Initiative vs. Guilt
Answer: Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
Question 14: Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive
Question 15: identity vs. role confusion
Answer: Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves
Question 16: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Answer: Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
Question 17: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves
more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Question 18: integrity vs despair
Answer: Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
Page 2
, Question 19: Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Answer: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Question 20: Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Answer: An environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem,
mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem; all development = function of proximal
processes and modified by distal processes
Question 21: microsystem
Answer: the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
Question 22: mesosystem
Answer: provides connections across microsystems because what happens in one microsystem is likely to
influence others
Question 23: exosystem
Answer: social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development
Question 24: macrosystem
Answer: consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
Question 25: chronosystem
Answer: in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems
Question 26: family systems theory
Answer: a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent
patterns and unstated rules; families aim to maintain homeostasis
Question 27: secure attachment
Answer: a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or
her caregiver
Question 28: anxious attachment
Answer: demonstrated by babies who seem constantly afraid of potential separation from the caregiver; they
cling to caregivers in strange settings and display intense distress upon separation
Page 3
(Grade A+)
Question 1: Piaget
Answer: theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive
development; kids learn through process of adaptation, kids actively structure and organize knowledge by
exploring the world
Question 2: assimilation
Answer: interpreting new experiences in ways that fit what we already know (our schemas)
Question 3: accommodation
Answer: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information; modifying existing
knowledge to better match what is new
Question 4: sensorimotor stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the
world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Question 5: preoperational stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use
language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic; goal-direct behavior,
cognitive flexibility, exploratory play
Question 6: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Answer: the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions
between members of a culture
Question 7: scaffolding
Answer: Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of
performance
Question 8: zone of proximal development
Answer: In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential
knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction
Page 1
,Question 9: concrete operational stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during
which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events;
egocentric, but can't think logically about abstract things
Question 10: formal operational stage
Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during
which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Question 11: Trust vs. Mistrust
Answer: Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a
consistent warm manner
Question 12: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Answer: Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to
do so causes shame and doubt
Question 13: Initiative vs. Guilt
Answer: Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
Question 14: Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive
Question 15: identity vs. role confusion
Answer: Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves
Question 16: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Answer: Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
Question 17: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves
more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Question 18: integrity vs despair
Answer: Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
Page 2
, Question 19: Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Answer: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Question 20: Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Answer: An environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem,
mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem; all development = function of proximal
processes and modified by distal processes
Question 21: microsystem
Answer: the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
Question 22: mesosystem
Answer: provides connections across microsystems because what happens in one microsystem is likely to
influence others
Question 23: exosystem
Answer: social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development
Question 24: macrosystem
Answer: consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
Question 25: chronosystem
Answer: in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems
Question 26: family systems theory
Answer: a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent
patterns and unstated rules; families aim to maintain homeostasis
Question 27: secure attachment
Answer: a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or
her caregiver
Question 28: anxious attachment
Answer: demonstrated by babies who seem constantly afraid of potential separation from the caregiver; they
cling to caregivers in strange settings and display intense distress upon separation
Page 3
