Solution and Answer Guide: Boyd/Morabito/Siegel, Policing in the U.S.: Past, Present, and Future, 9780357125489; Chapter 1: Police and Society
Solution and Answer Guide
BOYD/MORABITO/SIEGEL, POLICING IN THE U.S.: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE, 9780357125489;
CHAPTER 1: POLICE AND SOCIETY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Type.................................................................................................................1
Critical Thinking (Focus on Policing: Internet Complaint Center) – Page 6............................................1
Critical Thinking (Focus on Policing: Improving Police Community Relations) – Page 7......................1
Critical Thinking (Policing vs. Law enforcement) – Page 12...................................................................2
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
CRITICAL THINKING (FOCUS ON POLICING: INTERNET COMPLAINT
CENTER) – PAGE 6
1. Why would some people refuse to report being scammed to the IC3? Might victims of sextortion be
reluctant to report the incident?
Answer: It can be embarrassing for people to admit that they have fallen victim to a con artist and
given people money, especially when personal relationships are involved. People might not want to
admit that they had feelings for and sent money to a person they had never met.
2. Why would someone trust a person who proposes marriage before they have ever met?
Answer: These scammers are experts at what they do and will seem genuine, caring, and believable.
They often have very plausible stories about being out of the country and not being able to meet. Then
they might have “emergencies” that require money to be sent.
CRITICAL THINKING (FOCUS ON POLICING: IMPROVING POLICE
COMMUNITY RELATIONS) – PAGE 7
1. Can the Fayetteville model be easily adopted in larger cities? What might be impediments to
implementation?
Answer: Sprucing up neighborhoods would likely be much more difficult and cost more money if
done on a wider scale. With larger cities, the problems are more likely to be widespread, and there will
be a wider scope of community problems.
It would be easier to target sections of a city that need improvement and have community problems
than it would be to target an entire city. Starting with the inner city and then working outwards would
probably yield the best results. It is likely that more suburban areas are newer and would not have as
many needs.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Boyd/Morabito/Siegel, Policing in the U.S.: Past, Present, and Future, 9780357125489; Chapter 1: Police and Society
2. Considering recent incidents, does the public trust the police to deal with problems in their community
before they become crimes?
Answer: Crime prevention requires a level of trust between the police and community, and abuses of
police discretion, misuse of force, abridging the constitutional rights of suspects, and racial profiling
are all ways to break down that trust. Police legitimacy, which is discussed later in the chapter, is
required for trust.
CRITICAL THINKING (POLICING VS. LAW ENFORCEMENT) – PAGE 12
3. Which police role or function do you think is most important: the service provider function or the law-
enforcing function? Why?
Answer: This answer will be a personal opinion, so either choice is acceptable. The answer should
focus on whether crime control is more about arresting lawbreakers or more about helping the
community/crime prevention.
The service provider function does not involve criminal law violations or enforcement. Instead, it
focuses on police officers trying to solve problems before they become crimes. The majority of calls to
police departments are calls for service.
The law enforcement function is narrow in scope. It focuses on enforcing laws, investigating crimes,
and arresting offenders.
4. Would you consider being a police officer? If you answered “yes,” what would be your motivation? If
“no,” why not?
Answer: This answer is personal opinion, so either a “yes” or “no” is acceptable, as long as the
student is able to provide support for their view.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide
BOYD/MORABITO/SIEGEL, POLICING IN THE U.S.: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE, 9780357125489;
CHAPTER 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICING: FROM PAST TO PRESENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................1
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Long-Term Effect of Slave Patrols”) – Page 33..................1
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Posse Comitatus”) – Page 35...............................................2
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Boston Police Strike”) – Page 38.........................................3
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Watts Riot”) – Page 41........................................................4
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
CRITICAL THINKING (“FOCUS ON POLICING: THE LONG-TERM EFFECT
OF SLAVE PATROLS”) – PAGE 33
1. Based on the difficult relationship between the police and many communities of color, do you think it is an
affective training strategy to have officers make trips to the NMAAHC?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should concentrate on whether they believe it is effective
and why.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: I think this is a really good idea. The
officers may have a better understanding of modern tensions between communities of color and the
police if they have a historical perspective of policing and its problematic origins, especially in
reference to slave patrols. We could be more culturally aware, and this is especially true for police who
work with a variety of people and often in communities that may be culturally, ethnically, or racially
unlike their own.
2. If more officers visit the NMAAHC, what outcome do you think would be beneficial? How would you
know if the visit was effective?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should focus on whether they believe the outcome of the
visit to be beneficial, their reasoning, and how they would assess effectiveness.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: I believe the outcome would be
beneficial. It is important that people in a public role like police officers understand the people they
police and the history of their communities. It may provide police officers with a perspective they had
not experienced personally. It may be difficult to assess the effectiveness of the visit. You could ask
officers questions afterward to see if it changed their perspectives. In general, visiting the NMAAHC
may play a part in changing the general culture of policing and practice by creating a more informed
and educated police force. This may result in a reduction in citizen complaints.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, CRITICAL THINKING (“FOCUS ON POLICING: THE POSSE COMITATUS”)
– PAGE 35
1. Based on the information in the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, there is a clear differentiation between the
military and the police. Do you think there are situations where it would be appropriate for the military to
“police” or patrol streets within the United States?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should revolve around whether they believe it is appropriate
to use the military as police within civilian communities.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: I think there are a couple of
situations where the military may be necessary, but these would likely involve a large-scale terror
attack or rioting resulting in so much disorder that it could not be handled by local or state police
forces. Otherwise, it seems like it would be inappropriate, and the military might be viewed as an
occupying force.
2. Should there be restrictions on how the U.S military should be used (if at all) in American cities?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should focus on their beliefs regarding limitations on the use
of the U.S. military in American cities.
For example, a student may answer: Yes, there should be restrictions. The U.S. military should never
be used to police its own citizens. The military should only be used to protect citizens in the case of an
attack or a military coup.
3. Should the military be allowed to train civilian police departments?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should give attention to whether they believe it is
appropriate for the military to train civilian police departments.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: No, the military should not be
permitted to train civilian police. Police militarization is a problem. Civilian police should not have the
same equipment nor training as a military force.
CRITICAL THINKING (“FOCUS ON POLICING: THE BOSTON POLICE
STRIKE”) – PAGE 38
1. It seems that the Boston police strike of 1919 was effective in getting future officers better pay and working
conditions, even though many people were hurt in the ensuing crimes. Do you think that first responders
should be allowed to go on strike or conduct a work stoppage?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should concentrate on whether they believe first responders
should be allowed to strike/conduct a work stoppage.
A student may answer something like the following: While their job is very important, police and other
first responders should have the ability to strike or conduct a work stoppage if they are being treated
unfairly or have poor work conditions. I am not sure that the types of poor working conditions that
were occurring during the Boston strike are the types of things we still see today, in part due to the
work of police unions.
2. What can be done to keep citizens safe when first responders go on strike?
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Solution and Answer Guide
BOYD/MORABITO/SIEGEL, POLICING IN THE U.S.: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE, 9780357125489;
CHAPTER 1: POLICE AND SOCIETY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Type.................................................................................................................1
Critical Thinking (Focus on Policing: Internet Complaint Center) – Page 6............................................1
Critical Thinking (Focus on Policing: Improving Police Community Relations) – Page 7......................1
Critical Thinking (Policing vs. Law enforcement) – Page 12...................................................................2
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
CRITICAL THINKING (FOCUS ON POLICING: INTERNET COMPLAINT
CENTER) – PAGE 6
1. Why would some people refuse to report being scammed to the IC3? Might victims of sextortion be
reluctant to report the incident?
Answer: It can be embarrassing for people to admit that they have fallen victim to a con artist and
given people money, especially when personal relationships are involved. People might not want to
admit that they had feelings for and sent money to a person they had never met.
2. Why would someone trust a person who proposes marriage before they have ever met?
Answer: These scammers are experts at what they do and will seem genuine, caring, and believable.
They often have very plausible stories about being out of the country and not being able to meet. Then
they might have “emergencies” that require money to be sent.
CRITICAL THINKING (FOCUS ON POLICING: IMPROVING POLICE
COMMUNITY RELATIONS) – PAGE 7
1. Can the Fayetteville model be easily adopted in larger cities? What might be impediments to
implementation?
Answer: Sprucing up neighborhoods would likely be much more difficult and cost more money if
done on a wider scale. With larger cities, the problems are more likely to be widespread, and there will
be a wider scope of community problems.
It would be easier to target sections of a city that need improvement and have community problems
than it would be to target an entire city. Starting with the inner city and then working outwards would
probably yield the best results. It is likely that more suburban areas are newer and would not have as
many needs.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Boyd/Morabito/Siegel, Policing in the U.S.: Past, Present, and Future, 9780357125489; Chapter 1: Police and Society
2. Considering recent incidents, does the public trust the police to deal with problems in their community
before they become crimes?
Answer: Crime prevention requires a level of trust between the police and community, and abuses of
police discretion, misuse of force, abridging the constitutional rights of suspects, and racial profiling
are all ways to break down that trust. Police legitimacy, which is discussed later in the chapter, is
required for trust.
CRITICAL THINKING (POLICING VS. LAW ENFORCEMENT) – PAGE 12
3. Which police role or function do you think is most important: the service provider function or the law-
enforcing function? Why?
Answer: This answer will be a personal opinion, so either choice is acceptable. The answer should
focus on whether crime control is more about arresting lawbreakers or more about helping the
community/crime prevention.
The service provider function does not involve criminal law violations or enforcement. Instead, it
focuses on police officers trying to solve problems before they become crimes. The majority of calls to
police departments are calls for service.
The law enforcement function is narrow in scope. It focuses on enforcing laws, investigating crimes,
and arresting offenders.
4. Would you consider being a police officer? If you answered “yes,” what would be your motivation? If
“no,” why not?
Answer: This answer is personal opinion, so either a “yes” or “no” is acceptable, as long as the
student is able to provide support for their view.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide
BOYD/MORABITO/SIEGEL, POLICING IN THE U.S.: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE, 9780357125489;
CHAPTER 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICING: FROM PAST TO PRESENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................1
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Long-Term Effect of Slave Patrols”) – Page 33..................1
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Posse Comitatus”) – Page 35...............................................2
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Boston Police Strike”) – Page 38.........................................3
Critical Thinking (“Focus on Policing: The Watts Riot”) – Page 41........................................................4
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
CRITICAL THINKING (“FOCUS ON POLICING: THE LONG-TERM EFFECT
OF SLAVE PATROLS”) – PAGE 33
1. Based on the difficult relationship between the police and many communities of color, do you think it is an
affective training strategy to have officers make trips to the NMAAHC?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should concentrate on whether they believe it is effective
and why.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: I think this is a really good idea. The
officers may have a better understanding of modern tensions between communities of color and the
police if they have a historical perspective of policing and its problematic origins, especially in
reference to slave patrols. We could be more culturally aware, and this is especially true for police who
work with a variety of people and often in communities that may be culturally, ethnically, or racially
unlike their own.
2. If more officers visit the NMAAHC, what outcome do you think would be beneficial? How would you
know if the visit was effective?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should focus on whether they believe the outcome of the
visit to be beneficial, their reasoning, and how they would assess effectiveness.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: I believe the outcome would be
beneficial. It is important that people in a public role like police officers understand the people they
police and the history of their communities. It may provide police officers with a perspective they had
not experienced personally. It may be difficult to assess the effectiveness of the visit. You could ask
officers questions afterward to see if it changed their perspectives. In general, visiting the NMAAHC
may play a part in changing the general culture of policing and practice by creating a more informed
and educated police force. This may result in a reduction in citizen complaints.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, CRITICAL THINKING (“FOCUS ON POLICING: THE POSSE COMITATUS”)
– PAGE 35
1. Based on the information in the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, there is a clear differentiation between the
military and the police. Do you think there are situations where it would be appropriate for the military to
“police” or patrol streets within the United States?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should revolve around whether they believe it is appropriate
to use the military as police within civilian communities.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: I think there are a couple of
situations where the military may be necessary, but these would likely involve a large-scale terror
attack or rioting resulting in so much disorder that it could not be handled by local or state police
forces. Otherwise, it seems like it would be inappropriate, and the military might be viewed as an
occupying force.
2. Should there be restrictions on how the U.S military should be used (if at all) in American cities?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should focus on their beliefs regarding limitations on the use
of the U.S. military in American cities.
For example, a student may answer: Yes, there should be restrictions. The U.S. military should never
be used to police its own citizens. The military should only be used to protect citizens in the case of an
attack or a military coup.
3. Should the military be allowed to train civilian police departments?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should give attention to whether they believe it is
appropriate for the military to train civilian police departments.
For example, a student may answer something like the following: No, the military should not be
permitted to train civilian police. Police militarization is a problem. Civilian police should not have the
same equipment nor training as a military force.
CRITICAL THINKING (“FOCUS ON POLICING: THE BOSTON POLICE
STRIKE”) – PAGE 38
1. It seems that the Boston police strike of 1919 was effective in getting future officers better pay and working
conditions, even though many people were hurt in the ensuing crimes. Do you think that first responders
should be allowed to go on strike or conduct a work stoppage?
Sample Answer: This question asks the student for their personal opinion; therefore, a variety of
responses may be acceptable. The answer should concentrate on whether they believe first responders
should be allowed to strike/conduct a work stoppage.
A student may answer something like the following: While their job is very important, police and other
first responders should have the ability to strike or conduct a work stoppage if they are being treated
unfairly or have poor work conditions. I am not sure that the types of poor working conditions that
were occurring during the Boston strike are the types of things we still see today, in part due to the
work of police unions.
2. What can be done to keep citizens safe when first responders go on strike?
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
