NU 110 (NU110)/ Integrated Human Sciences (NU-110) Exam 2 (V2) | Complete Questions & Answers | Latest Updated 2026/2027 | Galen College of Nursing.

Complete Galen College of Nursing NU 110 (NU-110) – Integrated Human Sciences Exam 2, fully answered and updated for 2026/2027. Includes complete questions and answers in a clear, organized format for easy reference. Ideal for students looking for NU 110 Exam 2 questions and answers, Integrated Human Sciences Exam 2, and Galen College of Nursing NU110 content. What is the outermost layer of the human skin, characterized by being completely avascular (containing no blood vessels)? A) Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis) B) Deep fascia C) Dermis D) Epidermis Which epidermal protein thickens and protects the skin while acting as a primary water-resistant barrier? A) Keratin B) Carotene C) Hemoglobin D) Melanin A nursing student learns that skin color is primarily determined by a dark pigment that also shields underlying tissues from harmful ultraviolet light. Which pigment is this? A) Melanin B) Carotene C) Hemoglobin D) Sebum In which anatomical areas of the body is the thickest layer of skin located? A) Scalp and dorsal neck B) Abdomen and anterior thighs C) Soles of the feet and palms of the hands D) Eyelids and lips Which exocrine glands secrete an oily substance called sebum directly into hair follicles to prevent skin and hair drying? A) Eccrine sweat glands B) Ceruminous glands C) Apocrine sweat glands D) Sebaceous glands Specialized sweat glands located specifically in the axillary (armpit) and groin regions are classified as: A) Eccrine glands B) Sebaceous glands C) Apocrine glands D) Endocrine glands Which tissue layer connects the skin to the deep fascia covering underlying skeletal muscles and contains variable amounts of adipose tissue? A) Stratum basale B) Epidermis C) Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis) D) Dermis How does the integumentary system respond to assist in lowering elevated body temperature? A) Sweat glands activate to release perspiration for evaporative cooling B) Keratinocytes double their production rate C) Cutaneous blood vessels constrict to trap heat D) Sebaceous glands secrete excess sebum to insulate the epidermis Which leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the respiratory tract? A) Glottis B) Epiglottis C) Thyroid cartilage D) Vocal fold Which section of the pharynx (throat) is located posterior to the oral cavity and carries both air and food? A) Tracheopharynx B) Nasopharynx C) Oropharynx D) Laryngopharynx If a pediatric patient accidentally aspirates a small foreign object, into which mainstem bronchus is it most likely to enter? A) Right bronchus, because it is smaller and more curved B) Right bronchus, because it is larger and extends downward in a more vertical direction C) Left bronchus, because it extends horizontally toward the heart D) Left bronchus, because it is wider than the right bronchus What substance reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli, easing lung expansion and preventing alveolar collapse? A) Hemoglobin B) Carbonic anhydrase C) Surfactant D) Bicarbonate How is approximately 98.5% of oxygen transported throughout the circulatory system? A) Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells B) Bound to plasma albumin C) Dissolved directly in blood plasma D) Converted into bicarbonate ions In what chemical form is the vast majority of carbon dioxide transported in circulating blood from tissue cells to the lungs? A) Carbonic acid crystals B) Carbaminohemoglobin C) Dissolved carbon dioxide gas D) Bicarbonate ions Where is the primary respiratory control center located within the central nervous system? A) Frontal lobe of the cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Hypothalamus D) Medulla oblongata (and pons) of the brain stem Which motor nerve supplies electrical impulses directly to the diaphragm to stimulate inspiration? A) Phrenic nerve B) Vagus nerve C) Sciatic nerve D) Intercostal nerve Hyperventilation causes excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide (hypocapnia). What impact does hyperventilation have on systemic blood pH? A) Increases blood pH (causing alkalosis) B) Decreases blood pH (causing acidosis) C) Maintains a perfectly neutral pH D) Causes severe metabolic acidosis What is the protective double-layered sac that encloses the heart within the mediastinum? A) Endocardium B) Epicardium C) Myocardium D) Pericardium Which tissue layer constitutes the thickest, muscular middle layer of the heart wall responsible for cardiac pumping? A) Pericardium B) Epicardium C) Myocardium D) Endocardium Which heart chamber possesses the thickest myocardium because it must generate enough force to propel blood through the entire systemic circuit? A) Left atrium B) Left ventricle C) Right ventricle D) Right atrium Systemic venous blood returning from tissues above and below the diaphragm enters which heart chamber? A) Right ventricle B) Left atrium C) Right atrium D) Left ventricle Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction? A) Tricuspid valve (Right AV valve) B) Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) C) Aortic semilunar valve D) Pulmonary semilunar valve What fibrous structural cords stabilize the flaps of atrioventricular valves by anchoring them to papillary muscles in the ventricles? A) Chordae tendineae B) Intercalated disks C) Pectinate fibers D) Interventricular septa Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk through which valve? A) Pulmonary semilunar valve B) Aortic semilunar valve C) Mitral valve D) Tricuspid valve Oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs enters the left atrium via which blood vessels? A) Superior vena cava B) Pulmonary veins C) Pulmonary arteries D) Coronary arteries Which specific blood vessels branch off the ascending aorta to deliver oxygen and nutrients directly to the myocardium? A) Celiac arteries B) Coronary arteries C) Carotid arteries D) Subclavian arteries Which component of the cardiac conduction system is located in the upper wall of the right atrium and functions as the natural pacemaker of the heart? A) Bundle of His B) Atrioventricular (AV) node C) Purkinje fibers D) Sinoatrial (SA) node What is the correct sequential pathway of electrical impulse conduction through the heart muscle? A) SA node → Purkinje fibers → AV node → Bundle of His B) SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers C) AV node → SA node → Purkinje fibers → Bundle of His D) Bundle of His → SA node → AV node → Purkinje fibers How is Cardiac Output (CO) calculated in cardiovascular physiology? A) Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (CO = HR × SV) B) Stroke Volume ÷ Heart Rate C) Pulse Pressure × Heart Rate D) Systolic BP − Diastolic BP The first heart sound (S1 or “Lub”) is produced primarily by the closure of which heart valves? A) Atrioventricular valves (Tricuspid and Mitral) B) Semilunar valves (Aortic and Pulmonary) C) Aortic and Mitral valves D) Pulmonary and Tricuspid valves Which blood vessels possess muscular walls and function to carry blood away from the heart toward peripheral tissues? A) Veins B) Arteries C) Venules D) Capillaries Which tunic layer of an arterial wall is the thickest and composed primarily of smooth involuntary muscle tissue? A) Middle tunic (Tunica media) B) Subendothelial tunic C) Inner tunic (Tunica intima / Endothelium) D) Outer tunic (Tunica externa / Adventitia) Which arterial branches carry blood into the upper extremities to supply the arms and hands? A) Celiac arteries B) Iliac arteries C) Carotid arteries D) Subclavian arteries What happens to blood vessel internal diameter and blood pressure when smooth muscle in vessel walls undergoes vasodilation? A) Internal diameter remains unchanged and pulse pressure increases B) Internal diameter decreases and blood pressure increases C) Internal diameter increases and blood pressure drops D) Internal diameter closes completely and blood pressure drops to zero What is the long, narrow shaft portion of a long bone called? A) Periosteum B) Epiphysis C) Diaphysis D) Endosteum Which specific type of bone cell is actively involved in synthesizing and building bone matrix tissue? A) Osteocytes B) Osteoblasts C) Osteoclasts D) Chondrocytes Large, multinucleated bone cells responsible for the resorption and breakdown of bone tissue matrix are termed: A) Osteoclasts B) Chondroblasts C) Osteocytes D) Osteoblasts In a developing long bone, elongation (growth in length) takes place at which cartilaginous growth area before it ossifies into a line? A) Diaphysis wall B) Epiphyseal plate C) Articular cartilage D) Medullary cavity Sutures holding the bones of the cranium tightly together are classified as which functional type of joint? A) Diarthrosis (Freely moveable joint) B) Amphiarthrosis (Slightly moveable joint) C) Synovial joint D) Synarthrosis (Immovable joint) What type of joint is freely moveable and characterized by a joint cavity containing thick, lubricating fluid? A) Synarthrosis B) Fibrous joint C) Amphiarthrosis D) Diarthrosis (Synovial joint) Bending the foot upward at the ankle, narrowing the angle between the leg and the dorsum (top) of the foot, is known as: A) Eversion B) Inversion C) Dorsiflexion D) Plantar flexion Which joint movement moves an anatomical structure away from the midline of the body? A) Abduction B) Adduction C) Pronation D) Flexion Which connective tissue layer is the deepest sheath, directly surrounding individual muscle fibers within a fascicle? A) Epimysium B) Deep fascia C) Endomysium D) Perimysium What connective tissue layer wraps around an entire fascicle (a bundle of muscle fibers)? A) Endomysium B) Perimysium C) Epimysium D) Tendon sheath Which chemical neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle fiber contraction? A) Norepinephrine B) Acetylcholine (ACh) C) Serotonin D) Dopamine What is the microscopic functional unit of contraction inside a skeletal muscle fiber? A) Myofibril bundle B) Motor unit C) Sarcomere D) Fascicle A single motor neuron together with all the individual muscle fibers it innervates and stimulates is called a: A) Sarcomere B) Muscle fascicle C) Motor unit D) Neuromuscular junction In skeletal muscle mechanics, the muscle attachment point connected to the more stationary, fixed part of the skeleton is the: A) Prime mover B) Origin C) Insertion D) Antagonist What role does a muscle play when it relaxes to permit the prime mover to execute a specific movement? A) Fixator B) Antagonist C) Insertion D) Synergist Which facial muscle encircles the mouth and functions specifically to close and compress the lips? A) Zygomaticus B) Masseter C) Orbicularis oculi D) Orbicularis oris