Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
Solution and Answer Guide
RIZZO, RATLIFF, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 5E, 2026, 9798214106915;
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Questions..........................................................................................................1
Matching........................................................................................................................4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
Answer:
Anatomy is defined as the study of structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are
organized.
Physiology is defined as the study of the function of specific body parts (at the organism level down to the
molecular level), what each body part does, and how the body part completes its specific function.
Pathology is the study of the diseases of the body.
2. List the four categories of tissues and their general function in the human body.
Answer:
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers and protects
surfaces, both the inner surface and the outer surface. Connective tissue binds together and supports other
tissues and organs. Muscle tissue generates movement by shortening or contracting with force. Nervous
tissue connects the sensory and motor structures of the body.
3. Name the systems of the body and their functions. Indicate what major organs each system contains.
Answer:
System Function Organs
Integumentary system Insulates the body, protects the Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
body from pathogens, sunlight, and glands, and sweat glands
loss of fluid, and regulates body
temperature and water. Contains
receptor sites to detect changes in
temperature and pressure.
Skeletal system Protects the soft and vital parts of Bones and cartilage
the body and provides support for
body tissues. Bones act as levers
for movement. Red bone marrow
produces blood cells and yellow
bone marrow stores fat. Bone stores
calcium and phosphorous.
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
Muscular system Skeletal muscles pull on bones to Skeletal muscles and tendons
allow movement; smooth muscle
pushes food through the digestive
tract and blood through the
circulatory system; and cardiac
muscle causes contraction of the
heart
Nervous system Controls, correlates, and regulates Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
the other systems of the body; nerves
interprets stimuli from the outside
world; and controls the special
senses of sight, hearing, taste, and
smell
Endocrine system Secretes hormones to regulate body Pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid
processes gland, adrenal gland, parathyroid
glands, ovaries and testes
Cardiovascular system Pumps and distributes blood, which Heart and blood vessels: arteries,
carries oxygen, nutrients, and veins, and capillaries
wastes to and from the cells of the
body
Lymphatic system Drains tissue spaces of excess Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen,
interstitial fluids and absorb fats and lymph vessels
from the intestine and carries them
to the blood. It also protects the
body from disease by developing
immunities and destroying most
invading disease-causing
microorganisms
Respiratory system Provides the surface area for the Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
exchange of oxygen and carbon trachea, bronchi and lungs
dioxide with the blood.
Digestive System Converts food into smaller Alimentary canal (esophagus,
substances for absorption and stomach, small intestine, large
eliminates indigestible waste. intestine, rectum, anus) and
accessory organs (e.g., liver and
pancreas)
Urinary system Chemical regulation of the blood Kidneys, ureters, and urinary
and removes waste in the form of bladder
urine.
Reproductive system Maintains sexual characteristics ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and
and helps perform reproductive vagina in the female and the
functions. Produce and exchange testes, vas deferens, seminal
gametes, house the fetus until birth, vesicles, prostate gland, penis,
and lactation. and the urethra in the male
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
4. The body has two major cavities, each divided into two lesser cavities. List them and explain what each
cavity contains.
Answer:
The two main body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. The dorsal cavity contains the
cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic,
or abdomen and pelvic, cavity.
5. Briefly describe cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Answer:
Cells are the smallest living units. Tissue is a group of cells that perform similar functions. Organs are
groups of tissue that come together to serve a common function. Organ systems are a group of organs that
function closely together and make up a whole organism.
6. *Discuss how the body maintains homeostasis in terms of regulating blood glucose levels.
Answer:
Negative feedback loops are used to maintain blood glucose levels. After one eats, blood glucose increases
owing to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules (glucose). The pancreas
detects the increase in blood glucose and secretes insulin. While the cells take in the glucose they require,
insulin helps move the excess glucose into the liver. This causes the blood glucose levels to decrease. When
the levels drop below the normal threshold, glucagon is secreted by the pancreas which breaks down
glycogen to glucose. This brings back the normal glucose levels in the bloodstream.
7. *Differentiate between positive and negative feedback and provide an example of each.
Answer:
Negative feedback is when the body revises disturbances, or reverses the variable, back to homeostatic
levels. An example of negative feedback is temperature or blood glucose control. Positive feedback
responds to a stimulus by increasing and amplifying the variable. An example of positive feedback is
childbirth.
8. List and define the main directional terms of the body.
Answer:
The main directional terms of the body are: Posterior (toward the back) and anterior (toward the front);
Superior (uppermost or above) and inferior (lowermost or below); medial (toward the middle) and lateral
(toward the side); proximal (near the attachment or origin) and distal (away from the point of origin).
9. List and define the three planes of division of the body.
Answer:
The three planes of the body are sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (horizontal). The sagittal plane
separates the body into left and right portions. The transverse plane separates the body into superior and
inferior portions. The frontal, or coronal, plane separates the body into anterior and posterior portions.
10. Describe how the body is situated in the correct anatomical position.
Answer:
In standard anatomical position, the body is standing, facing forward with arms at the sides and the palms
of the hand and feet pointing forward.
*Critical Thinking Questions
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
MATCHING
Place the most appropriate number in the blank provided.
______ Superior 1. Toward the back, dorsal
______ Anterior 2. Uppermost or above
______ Inferior 3. Toward the side
______ Posterior 4. Near the point of attachment or origin
______ Medial 5. Any plane dividing the body into superior and
inferior
______ Lateral 6. Away from the point of attachment
______ Proximal 7. Toward the front, ventral
______ Distal 8. The plane vertically dividing the body into
equal right and left halves
______ Transverse 9. Toward the midline of the body
______ Midsagittal 10. Lowermost or below
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Solution and Answer Guide
RIZZO, RATLIFF, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 5E, 2026, 9798214106915;
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Questions..........................................................................................................1
Matching........................................................................................................................4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
Answer:
Anatomy is defined as the study of structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are
organized.
Physiology is defined as the study of the function of specific body parts (at the organism level down to the
molecular level), what each body part does, and how the body part completes its specific function.
Pathology is the study of the diseases of the body.
2. List the four categories of tissues and their general function in the human body.
Answer:
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers and protects
surfaces, both the inner surface and the outer surface. Connective tissue binds together and supports other
tissues and organs. Muscle tissue generates movement by shortening or contracting with force. Nervous
tissue connects the sensory and motor structures of the body.
3. Name the systems of the body and their functions. Indicate what major organs each system contains.
Answer:
System Function Organs
Integumentary system Insulates the body, protects the Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
body from pathogens, sunlight, and glands, and sweat glands
loss of fluid, and regulates body
temperature and water. Contains
receptor sites to detect changes in
temperature and pressure.
Skeletal system Protects the soft and vital parts of Bones and cartilage
the body and provides support for
body tissues. Bones act as levers
for movement. Red bone marrow
produces blood cells and yellow
bone marrow stores fat. Bone stores
calcium and phosphorous.
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 1
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
Muscular system Skeletal muscles pull on bones to Skeletal muscles and tendons
allow movement; smooth muscle
pushes food through the digestive
tract and blood through the
circulatory system; and cardiac
muscle causes contraction of the
heart
Nervous system Controls, correlates, and regulates Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
the other systems of the body; nerves
interprets stimuli from the outside
world; and controls the special
senses of sight, hearing, taste, and
smell
Endocrine system Secretes hormones to regulate body Pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid
processes gland, adrenal gland, parathyroid
glands, ovaries and testes
Cardiovascular system Pumps and distributes blood, which Heart and blood vessels: arteries,
carries oxygen, nutrients, and veins, and capillaries
wastes to and from the cells of the
body
Lymphatic system Drains tissue spaces of excess Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen,
interstitial fluids and absorb fats and lymph vessels
from the intestine and carries them
to the blood. It also protects the
body from disease by developing
immunities and destroying most
invading disease-causing
microorganisms
Respiratory system Provides the surface area for the Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
exchange of oxygen and carbon trachea, bronchi and lungs
dioxide with the blood.
Digestive System Converts food into smaller Alimentary canal (esophagus,
substances for absorption and stomach, small intestine, large
eliminates indigestible waste. intestine, rectum, anus) and
accessory organs (e.g., liver and
pancreas)
Urinary system Chemical regulation of the blood Kidneys, ureters, and urinary
and removes waste in the form of bladder
urine.
Reproductive system Maintains sexual characteristics ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and
and helps perform reproductive vagina in the female and the
functions. Produce and exchange testes, vas deferens, seminal
gametes, house the fetus until birth, vesicles, prostate gland, penis,
and lactation. and the urethra in the male
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2
accessible website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
4. The body has two major cavities, each divided into two lesser cavities. List them and explain what each
cavity contains.
Answer:
The two main body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. The dorsal cavity contains the
cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic,
or abdomen and pelvic, cavity.
5. Briefly describe cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Answer:
Cells are the smallest living units. Tissue is a group of cells that perform similar functions. Organs are
groups of tissue that come together to serve a common function. Organ systems are a group of organs that
function closely together and make up a whole organism.
6. *Discuss how the body maintains homeostasis in terms of regulating blood glucose levels.
Answer:
Negative feedback loops are used to maintain blood glucose levels. After one eats, blood glucose increases
owing to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules (glucose). The pancreas
detects the increase in blood glucose and secretes insulin. While the cells take in the glucose they require,
insulin helps move the excess glucose into the liver. This causes the blood glucose levels to decrease. When
the levels drop below the normal threshold, glucagon is secreted by the pancreas which breaks down
glycogen to glucose. This brings back the normal glucose levels in the bloodstream.
7. *Differentiate between positive and negative feedback and provide an example of each.
Answer:
Negative feedback is when the body revises disturbances, or reverses the variable, back to homeostatic
levels. An example of negative feedback is temperature or blood glucose control. Positive feedback
responds to a stimulus by increasing and amplifying the variable. An example of positive feedback is
childbirth.
8. List and define the main directional terms of the body.
Answer:
The main directional terms of the body are: Posterior (toward the back) and anterior (toward the front);
Superior (uppermost or above) and inferior (lowermost or below); medial (toward the middle) and lateral
(toward the side); proximal (near the attachment or origin) and distal (away from the point of origin).
9. List and define the three planes of division of the body.
Answer:
The three planes of the body are sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (horizontal). The sagittal plane
separates the body into left and right portions. The transverse plane separates the body into superior and
inferior portions. The frontal, or coronal, plane separates the body into anterior and posterior portions.
10. Describe how the body is situated in the correct anatomical position.
Answer:
In standard anatomical position, the body is standing, facing forward with arms at the sides and the palms
of the hand and feet pointing forward.
*Critical Thinking Questions
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3
accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Rizzo, Ratliff, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e, 2026, 9798214106915; Chapter 1: The Human Body
MATCHING
Place the most appropriate number in the blank provided.
______ Superior 1. Toward the back, dorsal
______ Anterior 2. Uppermost or above
______ Inferior 3. Toward the side
______ Posterior 4. Near the point of attachment or origin
______ Medial 5. Any plane dividing the body into superior and
inferior
______ Lateral 6. Away from the point of attachment
______ Proximal 7. Toward the front, ventral
______ Distal 8. The plane vertically dividing the body into
equal right and left halves
______ Transverse 9. Toward the midline of the body
______ Midsagittal 10. Lowermost or below
© 2026 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4
accessible website, in whole or in part.
