Genetics 210 Final Exam
Study Guide With TEST And
Actual Solutions
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - correct ans:1. DNA Replication: makes
DNA copies that are passed down
2. Transcription: produces RNA copy of a gene
3. Translation: produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA
Polypeptide can then become part of a functional protein that contributes to
an organisms traits
Life Cycle of the Cell - correct ans:G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
G1 - correct ans:Interphase growth period within the cell
G0 - correct ans:Interphase rest period
S - correct ans:Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of
chromosomes double
G2 - correct ans:Second phase of interphase growth
Molecular Structure of DNA - correct ans:DNA, also called Deoxyribose
nucleic acid, is an anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
,Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a
nitrogen base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to
create a structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix
structure as a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the
sides, held together by phosphodiester bonds, while the bases would be the
rungs. The bases on one strand pair with the bases on another strand: A
pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming the DNA molecule.
A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held
together by 3
Molecular Structure of RNA - correct ans:The structure of RNA is made up of
three components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar.
One of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base,
which is A,G,C, or U. Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to
the phosphate group. Yet another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine
and it has an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has.
Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA - correct
ans:http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
Mitosis - correct ans:The devision of a mother and daughter cell into
genetically identical cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-
Telophase
Prophase - correct ans:Chromosomes are condensed
Prometaphase - correct ans:Nuclear envelope dissolves
, Meselson and Stahl - correct ans:Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested
which model of DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and
dispersive models, was correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14
medium and allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples,
spliced them, spun them in a centrifuge, and viewed which layers emerged
because N^15 was heavier than N^14. They saw that there wasn't just a
band for N^15 and N^14, but a half dark, half light band. This threw the
conservative model out. After the second generation went by there was an
equal distribution of half light and half dark bands.
The Semi-Conservative model of DNA was supported by this.
Conservative Model - correct ans:Every time a new molecule of DNA is
produced it is completely brand new (brand new molecule)
Semi-conservative Model - correct ans:Each strand of DNA becomes
integrated with a new strand into a new double helix (half old molecule and
half new)
Dispersive Model - correct ans:Both original strands of DNA become
interspersed throughout the new model (unequal proportions of new DNA to
old DNA)
Metaphase - correct ans:Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell
Chargaff's Rules - correct ans:A and T are always in the same abundance.
Study Guide With TEST And
Actual Solutions
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - correct ans:1. DNA Replication: makes
DNA copies that are passed down
2. Transcription: produces RNA copy of a gene
3. Translation: produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA
Polypeptide can then become part of a functional protein that contributes to
an organisms traits
Life Cycle of the Cell - correct ans:G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
G1 - correct ans:Interphase growth period within the cell
G0 - correct ans:Interphase rest period
S - correct ans:Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of
chromosomes double
G2 - correct ans:Second phase of interphase growth
Molecular Structure of DNA - correct ans:DNA, also called Deoxyribose
nucleic acid, is an anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
,Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a
nitrogen base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to
create a structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix
structure as a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the
sides, held together by phosphodiester bonds, while the bases would be the
rungs. The bases on one strand pair with the bases on another strand: A
pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming the DNA molecule.
A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held
together by 3
Molecular Structure of RNA - correct ans:The structure of RNA is made up of
three components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar.
One of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base,
which is A,G,C, or U. Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to
the phosphate group. Yet another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine
and it has an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has.
Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA - correct
ans:http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
Mitosis - correct ans:The devision of a mother and daughter cell into
genetically identical cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-
Telophase
Prophase - correct ans:Chromosomes are condensed
Prometaphase - correct ans:Nuclear envelope dissolves
, Meselson and Stahl - correct ans:Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested
which model of DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and
dispersive models, was correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14
medium and allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples,
spliced them, spun them in a centrifuge, and viewed which layers emerged
because N^15 was heavier than N^14. They saw that there wasn't just a
band for N^15 and N^14, but a half dark, half light band. This threw the
conservative model out. After the second generation went by there was an
equal distribution of half light and half dark bands.
The Semi-Conservative model of DNA was supported by this.
Conservative Model - correct ans:Every time a new molecule of DNA is
produced it is completely brand new (brand new molecule)
Semi-conservative Model - correct ans:Each strand of DNA becomes
integrated with a new strand into a new double helix (half old molecule and
half new)
Dispersive Model - correct ans:Both original strands of DNA become
interspersed throughout the new model (unequal proportions of new DNA to
old DNA)
Metaphase - correct ans:Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell
Chargaff's Rules - correct ans:A and T are always in the same abundance.
