PHGY 216 Module 1 Exam Review 2026 with detailed questions and verified RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIEDs all graded A+

PHGY 216 Module 1 Exam Review 2026 with
detailed questions and verified RESOLUTION
RESULT VERIFIEDs all graded A+


What are the symptoms of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency? -
{✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}-- severe fatigue
- loss of appetite
- weight loss
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- muscle weakness
- irritability
- depression



What is metabolism? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}-the sum of
all chemical reactions that occur in all organisms, including the synthesis,
degradation, transport of substances into and between cells and transformation
of proteins, carbohydrates and fats

,What are the reactions within the cell called? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}intermediary or fuel metabolism



What are anabolic reactions? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}--
anabolism
- leads to the synthesis of larger organic macromolecules from smaller organic
molecular subunits and are used for repair, growth and the storage of excess
ingested nutrients



- catabolism - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}-- breakdown of larger
organic macromolecules through the process of hydrolysis or oxidation



How is excess glucose stored? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}--
stored in the liver and skeletal muscle as glycogen
- once these glycogen stores are full, any additional glucose is converted into free
fatty acids and glycerol for the synthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue



How are excess fatty acids stored? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-- stored as triglycerides



How are excess amino acids stored? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-- excess amino acids not needed for protein synthesis are not
stored but used for structural proteins or converted to glucose and fatty acids for
eventual storage as triglycerides


What are the 2 metabolic states? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}-
absorptive and postabsorptive state

,What happens during the absorptive state? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-- anabolism dominated as ingested food is digested and
absorbed into the circulation
- ingested simple carbohydrates are converted in the liver to glucose, which is
then released to be available as fuel, or it is stored as glycogen
- ingested fats and proteins are also immediately used or stored



What happens during the postabsorptive state? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-- several hours after ingesting food, catabolism dominates
- glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle becomes the primary energy
source
- if the postabsorptive state persists, glycogen alone cannot meet the body's
energy needs so lipolysis occurs to break down triglycerides



How does glycerol serve as an energy source? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-glycerol comes from the backbone of triglycerides when they are
broken down and it can be converted to glucose by the liver



How does lactic acid serve as an energy source? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-lactic acids can be formed by glycolysis and can be converted to
glucose by the liver



How do ketone bodies serve as an energy source? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}-- these are a group of compounds produced in the liver in times
of glucose shortages

, - when the liver uses free fatty acids as an energy source, they are oxidized to
acetyl CoS, which does not produce nay additional energy through the citric acid
cycle
- instead, this acetyl CoA is converted to ketone bodies and released into the
blood
- in times of starvation, the brain can use ketone bodies instead of glucose as an
energy source



What is the pancreas? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}-- an organ
that has exocrine and endocrine functions
- endocrine functions play key roles in determining the body's metabolic state


Where are the endocrine functions of the pancreas localized? -
{✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED✔✔}-islets of Langerhans are clusters of
cells found throughout the pancreas



What is the function of alpha cells in the pancreas? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}produce and secrete glucagon



What is the function of beta cells in the pancreas? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}produce and secrete insulin



What is the function of delta cells in the pancreas? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED✔✔}produce and secrete somatostatin