TURF DEFINITIONS UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. What are the two properties accounting for soil reactivity?
Answer:
Surface area and surface charge.
Question:
2. What colloids are responsible for soils' chemical reactivity?
Answer:
Clay and organic matter colloids.
Question:
3. What three chemicals are relatively abundant at CEC exchange sites?
Answer:
Potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Question:
4. True or False: Cation exchange is a reversible process.
Answer:
True.
Question:
5. What pH needs to be maintained to increase CEC values in sandy soils?
Answer:
5.5 to 6.5.
Question:
6. In most basins, what pH must be exceeded to achieve 100% base saturation?
Answer:
7.0.
Question:
7. What is the process of cations dispersing rather than attracting clay particles?
Answer:
Dispersion or deflocculation.
Question:
8. Soils containing clay or organic matter have a higher or lower lime index?
Answer:
Lower.
Question:
,9. What acids are 'strong' because they dissociate completely?
Answer:
Hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids.
Question:
10. How is acid neutralization achieved in turf?
Answer:
Using lime as the base.
Question:
11. What is the pH range for optimum turf growth?
Answer:
6.5 to 6.6.
Question:
12. Thatch accumulation and algae problems can be associated with what?
Answer:
Low soil pH (<5).
Question:
13. Why is ground limestone difficult to spread?
Answer:
It is dusty in pelletized form.
Question:
14. How is limestone often obtained?
Answer:
Open-pit mining.
Question:
15. Why is liquid lime only applied in small amounts at one time?
Answer:
Potential plant phytotoxicity.
Question:
16. How often should soil pH be monitored in established turf?
Answer:
Annually.
Question:
17. What should be considered when choosing a liming material?
Answer:
,Degree of fineness, neutralizing value, Mg content, plant-tissue burn potential, and moisture
content.
Question:
18. What material is most often injected into irrigation systems to raise the pH of irrigation
water?
Answer:
Powdered carbonate.
Question:
19. What is a possible result of excessive soil alkalinity?
Answer:
Deficiencies of several micronutrients necessary for plant growth.
Question:
20. What effect does micronutrient deficiency have on turf?
Answer:
Turf will be yellow and chlorotic.
Question:
21. True or False: Elemental sulfur, in its pure form, is insoluble and therefore cannot be
applied alone with irrigation water.
Answer:
True.
Question:
22. What turf diseases are re- duced as a result of sulfur?
Answer:
Patch diseases and Poa annua levels.
Question:
23. A Horizon
Answer:
Topmost mineral layer; where up to 80% of roots reside.
Question:
24. Active acidity
Answer:
Activity of H ion in aqueous phase of soil; measured by pH.
Question:
25. Potential acidity
Answer:
, Amount of exchangeable H ions from soil sites.
Question:
26. Aerobic
Answer:
Having molecular oxygen as part of environment.
Question:
27. Aggregate
Answer:
Many soil particles held together in a single mass.
Question:
28. Air porosity
Answer:
Proportion of soil volume filled with air at any time.
Question:
29. Alluvium / alluvial
Answer:
Sand, soil, muck, etc., deposited by moving streams.
Question:
30. Anaerobic
Answer:
Absence of molecular oxygen.
Question:
31. Anion
Answer:
Ion carrying a negative electrical charge.
Question:
32. Available water
Answer:
Portion of water in soil available for plant use.
Question:
33. Base-saturation %
Answer:
Extent the exchangeable part of soil is saturated with base cations.
Question:
34. Bulk density
Question:
1. What are the two properties accounting for soil reactivity?
Answer:
Surface area and surface charge.
Question:
2. What colloids are responsible for soils' chemical reactivity?
Answer:
Clay and organic matter colloids.
Question:
3. What three chemicals are relatively abundant at CEC exchange sites?
Answer:
Potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Question:
4. True or False: Cation exchange is a reversible process.
Answer:
True.
Question:
5. What pH needs to be maintained to increase CEC values in sandy soils?
Answer:
5.5 to 6.5.
Question:
6. In most basins, what pH must be exceeded to achieve 100% base saturation?
Answer:
7.0.
Question:
7. What is the process of cations dispersing rather than attracting clay particles?
Answer:
Dispersion or deflocculation.
Question:
8. Soils containing clay or organic matter have a higher or lower lime index?
Answer:
Lower.
Question:
,9. What acids are 'strong' because they dissociate completely?
Answer:
Hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids.
Question:
10. How is acid neutralization achieved in turf?
Answer:
Using lime as the base.
Question:
11. What is the pH range for optimum turf growth?
Answer:
6.5 to 6.6.
Question:
12. Thatch accumulation and algae problems can be associated with what?
Answer:
Low soil pH (<5).
Question:
13. Why is ground limestone difficult to spread?
Answer:
It is dusty in pelletized form.
Question:
14. How is limestone often obtained?
Answer:
Open-pit mining.
Question:
15. Why is liquid lime only applied in small amounts at one time?
Answer:
Potential plant phytotoxicity.
Question:
16. How often should soil pH be monitored in established turf?
Answer:
Annually.
Question:
17. What should be considered when choosing a liming material?
Answer:
,Degree of fineness, neutralizing value, Mg content, plant-tissue burn potential, and moisture
content.
Question:
18. What material is most often injected into irrigation systems to raise the pH of irrigation
water?
Answer:
Powdered carbonate.
Question:
19. What is a possible result of excessive soil alkalinity?
Answer:
Deficiencies of several micronutrients necessary for plant growth.
Question:
20. What effect does micronutrient deficiency have on turf?
Answer:
Turf will be yellow and chlorotic.
Question:
21. True or False: Elemental sulfur, in its pure form, is insoluble and therefore cannot be
applied alone with irrigation water.
Answer:
True.
Question:
22. What turf diseases are re- duced as a result of sulfur?
Answer:
Patch diseases and Poa annua levels.
Question:
23. A Horizon
Answer:
Topmost mineral layer; where up to 80% of roots reside.
Question:
24. Active acidity
Answer:
Activity of H ion in aqueous phase of soil; measured by pH.
Question:
25. Potential acidity
Answer:
, Amount of exchangeable H ions from soil sites.
Question:
26. Aerobic
Answer:
Having molecular oxygen as part of environment.
Question:
27. Aggregate
Answer:
Many soil particles held together in a single mass.
Question:
28. Air porosity
Answer:
Proportion of soil volume filled with air at any time.
Question:
29. Alluvium / alluvial
Answer:
Sand, soil, muck, etc., deposited by moving streams.
Question:
30. Anaerobic
Answer:
Absence of molecular oxygen.
Question:
31. Anion
Answer:
Ion carrying a negative electrical charge.
Question:
32. Available water
Answer:
Portion of water in soil available for plant use.
Question:
33. Base-saturation %
Answer:
Extent the exchangeable part of soil is saturated with base cations.
Question:
34. Bulk density
