NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Complete questions and correct verified answers (detailed answers) already graded A+

NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam Review Complete questions
and correct verified answers (detailed
answers) already graded A+




Wilms tumour - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔->>-
Embryonal kidney tumour associated with defective tumour (WT) genes
- Tumours are typically not clinically diagnosable until age 1-5 even though they
are present at birth



polycystic kidney disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>- Mutant PKD genes cause fluid accumulation in kidney tubules "cysts"
- The cysts can be the size of grapes or oranges and compress and destroy
nephrons



Why are kidneys and bladders at high risk for cancer - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔->>-
UT is the route of excretion for many toxins and contains highly mitotic cells

,Descending infection - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>The blood can carry bacteria
from a focus of infection in another part of the body to the kidneys. The bacteria
then pass with the urine down the ureters to the bladder.



Ascending infection - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔->>-
urethra to bladder, and then to kidney
- due to: bacteria from residual fecal contamination



glomerulonephritis - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney



tubular necrosis - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔->>the
renal tubules cells are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels or presence of toxins
and leads to tubular necrosis



Causes of tubular necrosis - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
ANSWERS✔✔->>- being post operative
- severe sepsis
- burns
- trauma
- contrast chemical use in medical imaging procedures



Pathophysiology of tubular necrosis - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
ANSWERS✔✔->>- ischemia or nephrotoxin exposure occurs to the renal
tubules - inflammation and tubular injury occur

,- cast formation and tubular obstruction occurs
- tubular injury, leakage, increased glomerular pressure causes decreased capillary
perfusion further decrease in GFR occurs
- oliguria results



Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>Sudden decline in kidney function with a decrease in GFR and an increase in
plasma creatinine and BUN levels results in oliguria



Prerenal disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>decreased blood flow to and through the kidney



prerenal disease causes - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>- hypotension
- decreased cardia output
- decreased blood volume



What are most cases of AKI caused by? - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
ANSWERS✔✔->>prerenal issues Intrarenal disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION
RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔->>disease or damage within the kidney


Causes of intrarenal disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
ANSWERS✔✔->>ATN
Acute glomerulonephritis

, postrenal disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>obstruction in the lower urinary tract that prevents urine flow from the kidneys



Causes of postrenal disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
ANSWERS✔✔->>BPH
Calculi
Inflammation
Tumors



Chronic kidney disease - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function
Labs: elevated BUN, Cr Phosphorus.
Rx: meds for hypertension, statins, epoetin, diuretics, calcium, LOW protein, low
salt, restrict K, phosphorus (no chicken, milk, legumes, carbonated drinks),
dialysis.



kidney stones - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔->>Solid
crystalline masses formed in the
kidney, resulting from an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizing in the
urine; may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract.



kidney stone treatment - ✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ANSWERS✔✔-
>>high fluid intake, decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances, stone
removal