6202 Exam #1 Prep Questions with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026-2027
Updated.
UTI - Answer Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common bacterial disease
and the most common bacterial infection in women.
UTI Risk factors - Answer a) Pregnancy
b) Menopause
c) habitual delay of urination
d) instrumentation
e) sexual intercourse
UTI symptoms - Answer a) Dysuria
b) frequent urination (less than every 2 hours)
c) Urgency
d) Suprapubic discomfort or pressure
What pathogen most commonly causes a CAUTI? - Answer E. coli
What is a CAUTI? - Answer catheter-associated urinary tract infections
the most common health care associated infection (HAI)
UTI diagnosis - Answer 1) UTIs are diagnosed by urinalysis to identify by the following:
a) Presence of nitrites
b) Presence of WBCs
c) Presence of leukocyte esterase
A voided midstream technique yielding a clean-catch urine sample is preferred.
UTI interventions/treatment - Answer a) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
b) Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)
,UTI teaching of preventative measures - Answer a) Emptying the bladder regularly and
completely
b) Evacuating the bowel regularly
c) Wiping the perineal area from front to back after urination and defecation
d) Drinking an adequate amount of liquid each day
Pyelonephritis - Answer 1) Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the renal parenchyma and
collecting system, including the renal pelvis.
Pyelonephritis most common cause - Answer bacterial infection that begins in the lower
urinary tract. Recurring infection can result in chronic pyelonephritis.
Pyelonephritis clinical manifestations - Answer a) Flank pain
b) Lower UTI characteristics
c) Mild fatigue
d) Sudden onset of chills
e) Fever
f) Vomiting
g) Malaise
Pyelonephritis treatment - Answer 1) Pyelonephritis must be treated with antibiotic therapy.
Adequate hydration is necessary.
Pyelonephritis interventions - Answer a) Teaching about the disease process with emphasis on
the need to continue drugs as prescribed
b) The need for a follow-up urine culture to ensure proper management,
c) Identification of risk for recurrence or relapse
Urethritis - Answer Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis common causes - Answer 1) Most commonly from a sexually transmitted bacterial
or viral infection.
Urethritis manifestations - Answer a) A discharge, particularly in men,
b) Dysuria
c) Urgency
d) Frequency
,Urethritis treatment - Answer 1) Treatment is based on the underlying cause and providing
symptomatic relief.
Glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) Glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the glomeruli, results
from an antibody-induced injury. It is described in a number of ways: extent of damage (diffuse
or local), cause, or extent of changes (minimal or widespread).
Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations - Answer a) Varying degrees of hematuria
b) Urinary excretion of various formed elements, including:
i) Red blood cells (RBCs)
ii) White blood cells (WBCs)
iii) Proteins
iv) Casts
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) Acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis (APSGN) develops 5 to 21 days after an infection of the tonsils, pharynx, or
skin by nephrotoxic strains of group A-hemolytic streptococci (important to know)
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations - Answer a) Generalized
body edema
b) Hypertension
c) Oliguria
d) Hematuria with a smoky or rusty appearance
e) Proteinuria
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis management - Answer 1) APSGN management
focuses on symptomatic relief which includes:
a) Rest
b) Edema
c) Hypertension management
d) Dietary protein restriction when an increase in nitrogenous wastes (e.g., elevated blood urea
nitrogen [BUN] value) is present
Prevention of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) One of the most
important ways to prevent the development of APSGN is to encourage early diagnosis and
treatment of sore throats and skin lesions (key)
, Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) Chronic glomerulonephritis is a syndrome that reflects
the end stage of glomerular inflammatory disease.
Chronic Glomerulonephritis characteristics - Answer a) Proteinuria
b) Hematuria
c) The slow development of uremia
Chronic Glomerulonephritis treatment - Answer supportive and symptomatic
Factors involved in the development of Urinary tract calculi - Answer a) Metabolic
b) Dietary
c) Genetic
d) Climatic
e) Lifestyle
f) Occupational influences
g) Other factors are obstruction with urinary stasis and urinary tract infection
5 major categories of urinary tract calculi - Answer calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate
uric acid
cystine
struvite
Urinary tract calculi - Answer kidney stones
urolithiasis
renal calculi
When do urinary tract calculi cause symptoms - Answer when they obstruct urinary flow
Urinary tract calculi symptoms - Answer a) Severe abdominal or flank pain
b) Hematuria
c) Renal colic.
i) A common symptom of renal colic is that patients cannot remain still. They sit, then stand,
then lie down and then repeat the process.
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026-2027
Updated.
UTI - Answer Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common bacterial disease
and the most common bacterial infection in women.
UTI Risk factors - Answer a) Pregnancy
b) Menopause
c) habitual delay of urination
d) instrumentation
e) sexual intercourse
UTI symptoms - Answer a) Dysuria
b) frequent urination (less than every 2 hours)
c) Urgency
d) Suprapubic discomfort or pressure
What pathogen most commonly causes a CAUTI? - Answer E. coli
What is a CAUTI? - Answer catheter-associated urinary tract infections
the most common health care associated infection (HAI)
UTI diagnosis - Answer 1) UTIs are diagnosed by urinalysis to identify by the following:
a) Presence of nitrites
b) Presence of WBCs
c) Presence of leukocyte esterase
A voided midstream technique yielding a clean-catch urine sample is preferred.
UTI interventions/treatment - Answer a) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
b) Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)
,UTI teaching of preventative measures - Answer a) Emptying the bladder regularly and
completely
b) Evacuating the bowel regularly
c) Wiping the perineal area from front to back after urination and defecation
d) Drinking an adequate amount of liquid each day
Pyelonephritis - Answer 1) Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the renal parenchyma and
collecting system, including the renal pelvis.
Pyelonephritis most common cause - Answer bacterial infection that begins in the lower
urinary tract. Recurring infection can result in chronic pyelonephritis.
Pyelonephritis clinical manifestations - Answer a) Flank pain
b) Lower UTI characteristics
c) Mild fatigue
d) Sudden onset of chills
e) Fever
f) Vomiting
g) Malaise
Pyelonephritis treatment - Answer 1) Pyelonephritis must be treated with antibiotic therapy.
Adequate hydration is necessary.
Pyelonephritis interventions - Answer a) Teaching about the disease process with emphasis on
the need to continue drugs as prescribed
b) The need for a follow-up urine culture to ensure proper management,
c) Identification of risk for recurrence or relapse
Urethritis - Answer Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis common causes - Answer 1) Most commonly from a sexually transmitted bacterial
or viral infection.
Urethritis manifestations - Answer a) A discharge, particularly in men,
b) Dysuria
c) Urgency
d) Frequency
,Urethritis treatment - Answer 1) Treatment is based on the underlying cause and providing
symptomatic relief.
Glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) Glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the glomeruli, results
from an antibody-induced injury. It is described in a number of ways: extent of damage (diffuse
or local), cause, or extent of changes (minimal or widespread).
Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations - Answer a) Varying degrees of hematuria
b) Urinary excretion of various formed elements, including:
i) Red blood cells (RBCs)
ii) White blood cells (WBCs)
iii) Proteins
iv) Casts
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) Acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis (APSGN) develops 5 to 21 days after an infection of the tonsils, pharynx, or
skin by nephrotoxic strains of group A-hemolytic streptococci (important to know)
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations - Answer a) Generalized
body edema
b) Hypertension
c) Oliguria
d) Hematuria with a smoky or rusty appearance
e) Proteinuria
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis management - Answer 1) APSGN management
focuses on symptomatic relief which includes:
a) Rest
b) Edema
c) Hypertension management
d) Dietary protein restriction when an increase in nitrogenous wastes (e.g., elevated blood urea
nitrogen [BUN] value) is present
Prevention of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) One of the most
important ways to prevent the development of APSGN is to encourage early diagnosis and
treatment of sore throats and skin lesions (key)
, Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Answer 1) Chronic glomerulonephritis is a syndrome that reflects
the end stage of glomerular inflammatory disease.
Chronic Glomerulonephritis characteristics - Answer a) Proteinuria
b) Hematuria
c) The slow development of uremia
Chronic Glomerulonephritis treatment - Answer supportive and symptomatic
Factors involved in the development of Urinary tract calculi - Answer a) Metabolic
b) Dietary
c) Genetic
d) Climatic
e) Lifestyle
f) Occupational influences
g) Other factors are obstruction with urinary stasis and urinary tract infection
5 major categories of urinary tract calculi - Answer calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate
uric acid
cystine
struvite
Urinary tract calculi - Answer kidney stones
urolithiasis
renal calculi
When do urinary tract calculi cause symptoms - Answer when they obstruct urinary flow
Urinary tract calculi symptoms - Answer a) Severe abdominal or flank pain
b) Hematuria
c) Renal colic.
i) A common symptom of renal colic is that patients cannot remain still. They sit, then stand,
then lie down and then repeat the process.
