NSG 1520 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM | SOUTH
COLLEGE |VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Apoptosis - Answers - Programmed Cell Death
Atrophy - Answers - Shrinking of cells/tissues
Hypertrophy - Answers - Larger size of cells
Hyperplasia - Answers - Increased number of cells
Metaplasia - Answers - Old cells replaced with different-looking new cells
Dysplasia - Answers - Deranged cell growth
Homeostasis - Answers - Internal balance of the body, regardless of external factors.
Fluid deficit/dehydration - Answers - Dry, rough mucous membranes, decreased urine
output, decreased skin turgor, hypotension
Fluid excess/fluid volume overload - Answers - Edema, increased heart rate, increased
BP, weight gain.
Normal Na+ level - Answers - 135-145
Hyponatremia - Answers - <135
Hypernatremia - Answers - >145
Normal K+ level - Answers - 3.5-5
Hypokalemia - Answers - <3.5
Hyperkalemia - Answers - >5
Normal Mg+ level - Answers - 0.7-1.1
Normal Ca+ level - Answers - 8.5-10.2
Hypocalcemia - Answers - <8.5
Hypercalcemia - Answers - >10.2
, Major concern with imbalances of K+ (high or low) - Answers - Cardiac dysrhythmias
aka death
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - Answers - Purpose = Fluid retention
ABGs - Answers - pH = 7.35-7.45, CO2 = 35-45, HCO3 = 22-26
First degree burn - Answers - Involves epidermis and part of dermis, sunburn, scalds
through dermis, can blister if severe, usually no blistering.
Second Degree burn - Answers - Epidermis and dermis, waxy, severe blistering, red
and swollen.
Third Degree burn - Answers - Destroying all layers, may extend to subcutaneous
layers.
Fourth Degree burn - Answers - Bone and muscle, tendons, and extends to the muscle.
Preventing infection - Answers - Handwashing
Opportunistic infections - Answers - Good (normal) bacteria will take over when the
immune system is low and cause a problem.
Prodromal period - Answers - Not feeling well, nothing specific.
Incubation period - Answers - Exposed, no symptoms.
Acute illness - Answers - Sick, virus loaded.
Convalescence - Answers - The time it takes to recover.
Latent Viral Infection - Answers - Herpes Virus- The virus enters the cell, and viral
proteins are produced. Proteins are inserted into the host's cell membrane. May
stimulate an immune response, leading to the destruction of the host cell. May
reproduce actively if the immune system is depressed.
Erythema - Answers - Redness of the skin caused by dilation and congestion of the
capillaries, often a sign of inflammation or infection.
s/s melanoma - Answers - A = area increasing in size/asymmetry; B = border-
regular/irregular; C = color- changing color, red, and dark color; D = >6 mm
Benign - Answers - differentiated
Malignant - Answers - undifferentiated
COLLEGE |VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Apoptosis - Answers - Programmed Cell Death
Atrophy - Answers - Shrinking of cells/tissues
Hypertrophy - Answers - Larger size of cells
Hyperplasia - Answers - Increased number of cells
Metaplasia - Answers - Old cells replaced with different-looking new cells
Dysplasia - Answers - Deranged cell growth
Homeostasis - Answers - Internal balance of the body, regardless of external factors.
Fluid deficit/dehydration - Answers - Dry, rough mucous membranes, decreased urine
output, decreased skin turgor, hypotension
Fluid excess/fluid volume overload - Answers - Edema, increased heart rate, increased
BP, weight gain.
Normal Na+ level - Answers - 135-145
Hyponatremia - Answers - <135
Hypernatremia - Answers - >145
Normal K+ level - Answers - 3.5-5
Hypokalemia - Answers - <3.5
Hyperkalemia - Answers - >5
Normal Mg+ level - Answers - 0.7-1.1
Normal Ca+ level - Answers - 8.5-10.2
Hypocalcemia - Answers - <8.5
Hypercalcemia - Answers - >10.2
, Major concern with imbalances of K+ (high or low) - Answers - Cardiac dysrhythmias
aka death
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - Answers - Purpose = Fluid retention
ABGs - Answers - pH = 7.35-7.45, CO2 = 35-45, HCO3 = 22-26
First degree burn - Answers - Involves epidermis and part of dermis, sunburn, scalds
through dermis, can blister if severe, usually no blistering.
Second Degree burn - Answers - Epidermis and dermis, waxy, severe blistering, red
and swollen.
Third Degree burn - Answers - Destroying all layers, may extend to subcutaneous
layers.
Fourth Degree burn - Answers - Bone and muscle, tendons, and extends to the muscle.
Preventing infection - Answers - Handwashing
Opportunistic infections - Answers - Good (normal) bacteria will take over when the
immune system is low and cause a problem.
Prodromal period - Answers - Not feeling well, nothing specific.
Incubation period - Answers - Exposed, no symptoms.
Acute illness - Answers - Sick, virus loaded.
Convalescence - Answers - The time it takes to recover.
Latent Viral Infection - Answers - Herpes Virus- The virus enters the cell, and viral
proteins are produced. Proteins are inserted into the host's cell membrane. May
stimulate an immune response, leading to the destruction of the host cell. May
reproduce actively if the immune system is depressed.
Erythema - Answers - Redness of the skin caused by dilation and congestion of the
capillaries, often a sign of inflammation or infection.
s/s melanoma - Answers - A = area increasing in size/asymmetry; B = border-
regular/irregular; C = color- changing color, red, and dark color; D = >6 mm
Benign - Answers - differentiated
Malignant - Answers - undifferentiated
