NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
LATEST ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Question 1.
Acute renal failure
ANSWER
Reversible Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Question 2.
Acute Pyelonephritis
ANSWER
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but
may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood
cultures and urinary tract imaging
Question 3.
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
ANSWER
Goals of Treatment: Manage acute pain Promote passage of stone Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Question 4.
Chronic Renal Failure
ANSWER
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and
albuminuria
Question 5.
,Who is a candidate for dialysis?
ANSWER
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely
dependent on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present: --Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis. --Drug toxicity:
Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include salicylates,
Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol). --Fluid volume overload that is not
responsive to diuretics. --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Question 6.
Stage I CKD
ANSWER
There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR 90-120
Question 7.
Stage II CKD
ANSWER
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR 60-89
Question 8.
Stage III CKD
ANSWER
There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
Question 9.
Stage IV CKD
ANSWER
There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-29
, Question 10.
Stage V CKD
ANSWER
Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease <15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to
Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Question 11.
Complications of Decreased GFR
ANSWER
Anemia Hypertension Decreased calcium absorption Hyperlipidemia Heart failure Left
ventricular hypertrophy Fluid volume overload Hyperkalemia Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic acidosis Malnutrition (late complication)
Question 12.
GERD
ANSWER
Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50: -Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing) -Nausea and vomiting -Weight loss -Melena -Early satiety
(feeling full after eating very little food
Question 13.
Hiatal Hernia
ANSWER
Often asymptomatic
LATEST ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Question 1.
Acute renal failure
ANSWER
Reversible Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Question 2.
Acute Pyelonephritis
ANSWER
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but
may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood
cultures and urinary tract imaging
Question 3.
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
ANSWER
Goals of Treatment: Manage acute pain Promote passage of stone Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Question 4.
Chronic Renal Failure
ANSWER
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and
albuminuria
Question 5.
,Who is a candidate for dialysis?
ANSWER
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely
dependent on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present: --Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis. --Drug toxicity:
Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include salicylates,
Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol). --Fluid volume overload that is not
responsive to diuretics. --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Question 6.
Stage I CKD
ANSWER
There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR 90-120
Question 7.
Stage II CKD
ANSWER
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR 60-89
Question 8.
Stage III CKD
ANSWER
There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
Question 9.
Stage IV CKD
ANSWER
There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-29
, Question 10.
Stage V CKD
ANSWER
Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease <15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to
Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Question 11.
Complications of Decreased GFR
ANSWER
Anemia Hypertension Decreased calcium absorption Hyperlipidemia Heart failure Left
ventricular hypertrophy Fluid volume overload Hyperkalemia Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic acidosis Malnutrition (late complication)
Question 12.
GERD
ANSWER
Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50: -Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing) -Nausea and vomiting -Weight loss -Melena -Early satiety
(feeling full after eating very little food
Question 13.
Hiatal Hernia
ANSWER
Often asymptomatic
