NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
Exam 2026/2027 | 300+ Verified Questions &
Answers | UT Arlington Nursing Prep | 6 Core
Domains | Instant Download
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in response to increased workload.
2. A woman's uterus enlarges during pregnancy. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Atrophy
Answer: B
Rationale: The uterus undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy.
3. Which of the following is a reversible cellular adaptation?
A) Necrosis
B) Metaplasia
C) Apoptosis
D) Coagulative necrosis
Answer: B
,Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one mature cell type is replaced by another.
4. A biopsy of the cervix shows disorganized, atypical cells that have not invaded the basement
membrane. This is:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered growth with atypical cells, often a precursor to malignancy.
5. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemia in the brain?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to enzymatic digestion.
6. Apoptosis is characterized by:
A) Cell swelling and inflammation
B) Cell shrinkage and no inflammation
C) Coagulation of proteins
D) Enzymatic digestion of cells
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death with cell shrinkage and no inflammation.
2
,7. Which of the following is a major mechanism of cellular injury caused by free radicals?
A) DNA repair
B) Lipid peroxidation of membranes
C) Increased ATP production
D) Enhanced protein synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: Free radicals cause lipid peroxidation, damaging cell membranes.
8. A patient with a bacterial infection has an elevated white blood cell count with a "left shift."
This indicates:
A) Viral infection
B) Release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow
C) Allergic reaction
D) Immunosuppression
Answer: B
Rationale: A left shift refers to an increase in band neutrophils, indicating acute bacterial infection.
9. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
A) Interleukin-4
B) Interleukin-1
C) Interferon-gamma
D) Tumor necrosis factor-beta
Answer: B
Rationale: IL-1 is a pyrogen that acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever.
10. A patient experiences anaphylaxis after a bee sting. This is an example of which type of
hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I
3
, B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
Answer: B
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a Type I IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
11. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antibodies destroy red blood cells. This is a:
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: B
Rationale: Type II involves IgG or IgM antibodies against cell surface antigens.
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A) Organ-specific autoantibodies
B) Immune complex deposition in multiple organs
C) IgE-mediated mast cell activation
D) T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
Answer: B
Rationale: SLE is a Type III hypersensitivity disease with immune complex deposition.
13. A patient with HIV has a CD4 count of 150 cells/mm³. Which opportunistic infection is most
likely?
A) Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
B) Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
C) Streptococcal pneumonia
D) Influenza
4
Exam 2026/2027 | 300+ Verified Questions &
Answers | UT Arlington Nursing Prep | 6 Core
Domains | Instant Download
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in response to increased workload.
2. A woman's uterus enlarges during pregnancy. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Atrophy
Answer: B
Rationale: The uterus undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy.
3. Which of the following is a reversible cellular adaptation?
A) Necrosis
B) Metaplasia
C) Apoptosis
D) Coagulative necrosis
Answer: B
,Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one mature cell type is replaced by another.
4. A biopsy of the cervix shows disorganized, atypical cells that have not invaded the basement
membrane. This is:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered growth with atypical cells, often a precursor to malignancy.
5. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemia in the brain?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to enzymatic digestion.
6. Apoptosis is characterized by:
A) Cell swelling and inflammation
B) Cell shrinkage and no inflammation
C) Coagulation of proteins
D) Enzymatic digestion of cells
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death with cell shrinkage and no inflammation.
2
,7. Which of the following is a major mechanism of cellular injury caused by free radicals?
A) DNA repair
B) Lipid peroxidation of membranes
C) Increased ATP production
D) Enhanced protein synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: Free radicals cause lipid peroxidation, damaging cell membranes.
8. A patient with a bacterial infection has an elevated white blood cell count with a "left shift."
This indicates:
A) Viral infection
B) Release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow
C) Allergic reaction
D) Immunosuppression
Answer: B
Rationale: A left shift refers to an increase in band neutrophils, indicating acute bacterial infection.
9. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
A) Interleukin-4
B) Interleukin-1
C) Interferon-gamma
D) Tumor necrosis factor-beta
Answer: B
Rationale: IL-1 is a pyrogen that acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever.
10. A patient experiences anaphylaxis after a bee sting. This is an example of which type of
hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I
3
, B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
Answer: B
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a Type I IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
11. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antibodies destroy red blood cells. This is a:
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: B
Rationale: Type II involves IgG or IgM antibodies against cell surface antigens.
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A) Organ-specific autoantibodies
B) Immune complex deposition in multiple organs
C) IgE-mediated mast cell activation
D) T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
Answer: B
Rationale: SLE is a Type III hypersensitivity disease with immune complex deposition.
13. A patient with HIV has a CD4 count of 150 cells/mm³. Which opportunistic infection is most
likely?
A) Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
B) Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
C) Streptococcal pneumonia
D) Influenza
4
