NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam 2026/2027 | 300+ Verified Questions &
Answers | UT Arlington Nursing Prep | 6 Core
Domains | Instant Download
Questions 1–310
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a reduction in cell size due to decreased workload, hormone stimulation, or
nutrition.
2. A bodybuilder's muscle enlargement is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, common in muscle with exercise.
3. Which cellular adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type by another?
A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Anaplasia
,D) Neoplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another.
4. A biopsy shows disorganized, atypical cells that have not invaded the basement membrane. This
is:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered growth with atypical cells, often a precursor to malignancy.
5. Which type of necrosis is typical of ischemic injury in the heart?
A) Liquefactive
B) Coagulative
C) Caseous
D) Fat
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and occurs in solid organs after ischemia.
6. Brain tissue after ischemic injury undergoes:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to enzymatic digestion.
2
,7. Apoptosis is characterized by:
A) Cell swelling and inflammation
B) Cell shrinkage and no inflammation
C) Coagulation of proteins
D) Enzymatic digestion
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death with cell shrinkage and no inflammatory response.
8. Which free radical causes lipid peroxidation of cell membranes?
A) Superoxide
B) Hydroxyl radical
C) Nitric oxide
D) Hydrogen peroxide
Answer: B
Rationale: Hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and initiates lipid peroxidation.
9. Reperfusion injury is mediated by:
A) Decreased oxygen delivery
B) Generation of reactive oxygen species
C) Reduced inflammatory response
D) Decreased calcium influx
Answer: B
Rationale: Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored, leading to free radical production.
10. A patient with a bacterial infection has an elevated WBC count with a "left shift." This
indicates:
3
, A) Viral infection
B) Release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow
C) Allergic reaction
D) Immunosuppression
Answer: B
Rationale: A left shift refers to an increase in band neutrophils, indicating acute bacterial infection.
11. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
A) Interleukin-4
B) Interleukin-1
C) Interferon-gamma
D) Tumor necrosis factor-beta
Answer: B
Rationale: IL-1 is a pyrogen that acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever.
12. Anaphylaxis is which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
Answer: B
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a Type I IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
13. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a:
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity
4
Exam 2026/2027 | 300+ Verified Questions &
Answers | UT Arlington Nursing Prep | 6 Core
Domains | Instant Download
Questions 1–310
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a reduction in cell size due to decreased workload, hormone stimulation, or
nutrition.
2. A bodybuilder's muscle enlargement is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, common in muscle with exercise.
3. Which cellular adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type by another?
A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Anaplasia
,D) Neoplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another.
4. A biopsy shows disorganized, atypical cells that have not invaded the basement membrane. This
is:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered growth with atypical cells, often a precursor to malignancy.
5. Which type of necrosis is typical of ischemic injury in the heart?
A) Liquefactive
B) Coagulative
C) Caseous
D) Fat
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and occurs in solid organs after ischemia.
6. Brain tissue after ischemic injury undergoes:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to enzymatic digestion.
2
,7. Apoptosis is characterized by:
A) Cell swelling and inflammation
B) Cell shrinkage and no inflammation
C) Coagulation of proteins
D) Enzymatic digestion
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death with cell shrinkage and no inflammatory response.
8. Which free radical causes lipid peroxidation of cell membranes?
A) Superoxide
B) Hydroxyl radical
C) Nitric oxide
D) Hydrogen peroxide
Answer: B
Rationale: Hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and initiates lipid peroxidation.
9. Reperfusion injury is mediated by:
A) Decreased oxygen delivery
B) Generation of reactive oxygen species
C) Reduced inflammatory response
D) Decreased calcium influx
Answer: B
Rationale: Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored, leading to free radical production.
10. A patient with a bacterial infection has an elevated WBC count with a "left shift." This
indicates:
3
, A) Viral infection
B) Release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow
C) Allergic reaction
D) Immunosuppression
Answer: B
Rationale: A left shift refers to an increase in band neutrophils, indicating acute bacterial infection.
11. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
A) Interleukin-4
B) Interleukin-1
C) Interferon-gamma
D) Tumor necrosis factor-beta
Answer: B
Rationale: IL-1 is a pyrogen that acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever.
12. Anaphylaxis is which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
Answer: B
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a Type I IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
13. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a:
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity
4
