ESL Praxis 5362 - Exam Questions & Verified Answers
Grapheme Symbol that represents a phoneme. More than one grapheme can be used to
represent a single
phoneme. Examples: the "s" phoneme can be represented by both "s" grapheme
and the "c"
grapheme as in "see" and "receive". The "k" phoneme can be represented by the
"k" and "c"
phoneme as in "cat" and "kite".
Digraph Two letters blended to make one new sound
Ph , sh, ch, th (consonant digraphs)
Oa, ea, (vowel digraph?
gh (consonant digraph) that makes the phoneme "f" and in tough or cough or rough
Reduction in Shortening pronunciation of words.
speech and Mostly you just need to understand the concept of connected speech because
connected these are not errors
speech that Els make. This is a factor in Els acquiring English because our speech runs
together - thus the
reason for enunciating more clearly and slowing down naturally.
Assimilation Refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme, i.e.,
different from And / ӕnd/
the same term in is spoken as /n/ in rapid, casual speech. Say "cookies and cream." Again was a
culture) choice but not the
correct answer.
Elision Omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable. May be abbreviation or
contraction or
other. Ice cream was first known as iced cream but the d got swallowed and over
time it became ice
cream. Until has become 'til. A lot is sometimes heard as lot or lots. Laboratory
becomes labratory
and family becomes famlee.
Linking sounds So I = soWI or do all = doWall
Palatization Ex. got you to gache. When tongue is on palate and goes to front of mouth for y -
the sounds
become palatalized.
Epenthesis Adding one or more sounds to a word - usually in the interior of the word as warmth,
hamster. We
do that naturally but English learners will add sounds in words that native speakers
do not. These
insertions will happen often when they are just learning English and they are
reading from text. Ex.
family becomes fam e lee.
Fossilization to become permanently established in the interlanguage of a
second-language learner in a form that is deviant from the target language norm
and that continues
to appear in performance regardless of further exposure to the target language. Dat
for that is an
example.
Saturation Point The language system is so overwhelming that the second language learner
can reject the target language for a period of time. Seville-Troike refers to the
"saturation
point" as part of language shock
Stuvia | Latest | Grade A+
, ESL Praxis 5362 - Exam Questions & Verified Answers
Homonyms HOMONYMS - Word forms that have two or more meanings
Homographs - Two or more words with same spelling or pronunciation but different
meanings -
stalk, can, read, lead
Homophones - Two or more words that have same pronunciation but different
meaning and
spelling - wood and would
Heteronyms - Two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different
pronunciation
and meaning - Polish/polish, record/record
Minimal pairs Minimal pairs have one sound that is different - fair/pear but fair/fare are not
Self-correction When students realize they have started or said something wrong and they back-
also Self-Repair up.
Morpheme Unit of meaning - 'a' and 'I' are the smallest morpheme
Free morpheme Care in "careful"
Bound Careful (care is free and -ful is bound)
morpheme "Predetermined " - Bound prefix (pre) Root (determine) Bound suffix (ed)
Bound morphemes have to have a root to have meaning
Derivational Units of meaning that can be attached to a word or root word that often change
morpheme the syntactic classification of the word (subconsciously, unhappy) (teach, teacher)
Inflectional Does not change the syntactic meaning of the word.
morpheme Rather the tense,(want - wanted - wanting) degree, (great - greater - greatest)
or inflectional -ed and -ing. -er only when it is an adjective.
ending
Invented spelling 1st grade level of spelling. (you can read it for the most part. Limited spelling errors)
Phonetic
Metalinguistic Awareness The ability to think about language and talk about it.
Gerunds a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun - "Playing is the opposite of
work."
infinitives a verbal preceded by "to" and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. "To
take the Praxis ESL test is a requirement for ESL Endorsement."
Nominalization Making nouns from otherwise adjectives or nouns from otherwise verbs.
Stuvia | Latest | Grade A+
Grapheme Symbol that represents a phoneme. More than one grapheme can be used to
represent a single
phoneme. Examples: the "s" phoneme can be represented by both "s" grapheme
and the "c"
grapheme as in "see" and "receive". The "k" phoneme can be represented by the
"k" and "c"
phoneme as in "cat" and "kite".
Digraph Two letters blended to make one new sound
Ph , sh, ch, th (consonant digraphs)
Oa, ea, (vowel digraph?
gh (consonant digraph) that makes the phoneme "f" and in tough or cough or rough
Reduction in Shortening pronunciation of words.
speech and Mostly you just need to understand the concept of connected speech because
connected these are not errors
speech that Els make. This is a factor in Els acquiring English because our speech runs
together - thus the
reason for enunciating more clearly and slowing down naturally.
Assimilation Refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme, i.e.,
different from And / ӕnd/
the same term in is spoken as /n/ in rapid, casual speech. Say "cookies and cream." Again was a
culture) choice but not the
correct answer.
Elision Omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable. May be abbreviation or
contraction or
other. Ice cream was first known as iced cream but the d got swallowed and over
time it became ice
cream. Until has become 'til. A lot is sometimes heard as lot or lots. Laboratory
becomes labratory
and family becomes famlee.
Linking sounds So I = soWI or do all = doWall
Palatization Ex. got you to gache. When tongue is on palate and goes to front of mouth for y -
the sounds
become palatalized.
Epenthesis Adding one or more sounds to a word - usually in the interior of the word as warmth,
hamster. We
do that naturally but English learners will add sounds in words that native speakers
do not. These
insertions will happen often when they are just learning English and they are
reading from text. Ex.
family becomes fam e lee.
Fossilization to become permanently established in the interlanguage of a
second-language learner in a form that is deviant from the target language norm
and that continues
to appear in performance regardless of further exposure to the target language. Dat
for that is an
example.
Saturation Point The language system is so overwhelming that the second language learner
can reject the target language for a period of time. Seville-Troike refers to the
"saturation
point" as part of language shock
Stuvia | Latest | Grade A+
, ESL Praxis 5362 - Exam Questions & Verified Answers
Homonyms HOMONYMS - Word forms that have two or more meanings
Homographs - Two or more words with same spelling or pronunciation but different
meanings -
stalk, can, read, lead
Homophones - Two or more words that have same pronunciation but different
meaning and
spelling - wood and would
Heteronyms - Two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different
pronunciation
and meaning - Polish/polish, record/record
Minimal pairs Minimal pairs have one sound that is different - fair/pear but fair/fare are not
Self-correction When students realize they have started or said something wrong and they back-
also Self-Repair up.
Morpheme Unit of meaning - 'a' and 'I' are the smallest morpheme
Free morpheme Care in "careful"
Bound Careful (care is free and -ful is bound)
morpheme "Predetermined " - Bound prefix (pre) Root (determine) Bound suffix (ed)
Bound morphemes have to have a root to have meaning
Derivational Units of meaning that can be attached to a word or root word that often change
morpheme the syntactic classification of the word (subconsciously, unhappy) (teach, teacher)
Inflectional Does not change the syntactic meaning of the word.
morpheme Rather the tense,(want - wanted - wanting) degree, (great - greater - greatest)
or inflectional -ed and -ing. -er only when it is an adjective.
ending
Invented spelling 1st grade level of spelling. (you can read it for the most part. Limited spelling errors)
Phonetic
Metalinguistic Awareness The ability to think about language and talk about it.
Gerunds a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun - "Playing is the opposite of
work."
infinitives a verbal preceded by "to" and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. "To
take the Praxis ESL test is a requirement for ESL Endorsement."
Nominalization Making nouns from otherwise adjectives or nouns from otherwise verbs.
Stuvia | Latest | Grade A+
