NUR 108 EXAM 3 MODULE OBJECTIVES STUDY
GUIDE 2026/2027
Stages of Infection - Correct answer✅✅ Incubation stage, prodromal stage, illness stage, and
convalescence stage.
Incubation stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Begins with the entry of the pathogen into the host
and ends when the signs and symptoms of infection begin to appear.
Prodromal stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Begins with the onset of symptoms and is
characterized with the replication and reproduction of the pathogen; the signs and symptoms of this
stage include generalized malaise, joint and muscular aches and pains, anorexia, and the presence of a
headache.
Illness stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Period of time that begins with continuation of the signs
and symptoms and continues until the symptoms are no longer as serious as they were before.
Convalescence stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Period of recovery during which the symptoms
completely disappear.
Inflammatory process - Correct answer✅✅ Naturally occurring protective response of the body to a
threat in terms of tissue damage; this process defends the body against harm, it aims to rid the body of
damaged tissue and it promotes the restoration of normal tissue.
five classic signs and symptoms of inflammation - Correct answer✅✅ pain, redness, swelling, heat,
warmth, and dysfunction of the area.
Phases of the inflammatory process - Correct answer✅✅ Tissue injury as the result of the injury
The release of chemicals, such as kinins, histamine and prostaglandins from the damaged cells and
tissues. These chemicals are vasodilators that increase the blood supply to the damaged cells and
tissues.
,The natural, defensive movement and migration of leukocytes, including macrophages and neutrophils,
to the areas where cellular and tissue damage has occurred
Adaptive Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ Active and passive immunity which, simply stated, are the
deliberate or deliberate exposure to a pathogen and the acquisition of antibodies or activated T cells in
the body, respectively.
Active Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ result of our bodily response to the presence of an antigen, with
the development of antibodies.
Natural Active Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when the body produces antibodies after the
client is infected with a pathogen
Artificial Active Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when the body produces antibodies to an
immunization vaccine such as those for pneumonia and a wide variety of childhood infectious diseases.
Passive Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when an antibody is introduced into the body by either
natural or artificial means.
Passive Natural Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when the fetus and neonate receive immunity
as a natural process through the placenta.
Passive Artificial Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ passive artificial immunity occurs when the client
receives an injection of immune globulin.
Healthcare acquired infections - Correct answer✅✅ Infections that were contracted after the first
health care contact or admission Usually passed along by the hands of the healthcare provider
Risk factors that impact the frequency and occurrence of healthcare acquired infection - Correct
answer✅✅ Immunosuppression, close living quarters that clients and residents share, prolonged state
of illness that many patients have, surgeries, and some treatments that clients get (e.g., placement of an
indwelling urinary catheter, chemotherapy, or the placement of an intubation tube.)
, Most common pathogenic microorganisms that lead to healthcare acquired infections - Correct
answer✅✅ E. coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans, and
enterococcus.
Primary locations for healthcare acquired infections - Correct answer✅✅ surgical wounds, urinary
tract, respiratory tract, and the blood stream.
Medical Asepsis - Correct answer✅✅ Infection control principle and practice that decreases the
spread of infection. Reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms and it also impairs the
proliferation and growth of microorganisms.
Surgical Asepsis - Correct answer✅✅ Eliminates all microorganisms. Applied when the skin isn't intact,
and when internal areas of the body are being entered, cared for, or treated. Used for wound care,
during all invasive procedures including surgical procedures and other invasive procedures such as
endoscopy for the administration of IV meds, for wound care, and the insertion of indwelling urinary
catheter as well as other internally placed tubes like central lines and peripheral intravenous lines.
Infection control precautions implemented by staff members - Correct answer✅✅ Hand hygiene,
Universal/standard precautions, special transmission precautions and isolation, personal protective
equipment.
Hand Hygiene - Correct answer✅✅ Most effective way to prevent the spread of infection and is done
with friction and regular soap and water or special alcohol-based hand sanitizing antimicrobial solution
for at least 20 seconds.
Universal/Standard Precautions - Correct answer✅✅ Infection control measures used to prevent the
spread of infection among ALL patients whether or not they have a known infection.
Types of Special Transmission Precautions and Isolation - Correct answer✅✅ Contact, droplet, and
airborne precautions.
Contact precautions - Correct answer✅✅ Prevent direct and indirect contact transmissions of
infectious pathogens like those found in infected wounds, infectious diarrhea, and infections such as
herpes simplex.
GUIDE 2026/2027
Stages of Infection - Correct answer✅✅ Incubation stage, prodromal stage, illness stage, and
convalescence stage.
Incubation stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Begins with the entry of the pathogen into the host
and ends when the signs and symptoms of infection begin to appear.
Prodromal stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Begins with the onset of symptoms and is
characterized with the replication and reproduction of the pathogen; the signs and symptoms of this
stage include generalized malaise, joint and muscular aches and pains, anorexia, and the presence of a
headache.
Illness stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Period of time that begins with continuation of the signs
and symptoms and continues until the symptoms are no longer as serious as they were before.
Convalescence stage of infection - Correct answer✅✅ Period of recovery during which the symptoms
completely disappear.
Inflammatory process - Correct answer✅✅ Naturally occurring protective response of the body to a
threat in terms of tissue damage; this process defends the body against harm, it aims to rid the body of
damaged tissue and it promotes the restoration of normal tissue.
five classic signs and symptoms of inflammation - Correct answer✅✅ pain, redness, swelling, heat,
warmth, and dysfunction of the area.
Phases of the inflammatory process - Correct answer✅✅ Tissue injury as the result of the injury
The release of chemicals, such as kinins, histamine and prostaglandins from the damaged cells and
tissues. These chemicals are vasodilators that increase the blood supply to the damaged cells and
tissues.
,The natural, defensive movement and migration of leukocytes, including macrophages and neutrophils,
to the areas where cellular and tissue damage has occurred
Adaptive Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ Active and passive immunity which, simply stated, are the
deliberate or deliberate exposure to a pathogen and the acquisition of antibodies or activated T cells in
the body, respectively.
Active Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ result of our bodily response to the presence of an antigen, with
the development of antibodies.
Natural Active Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when the body produces antibodies after the
client is infected with a pathogen
Artificial Active Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when the body produces antibodies to an
immunization vaccine such as those for pneumonia and a wide variety of childhood infectious diseases.
Passive Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when an antibody is introduced into the body by either
natural or artificial means.
Passive Natural Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ occurs when the fetus and neonate receive immunity
as a natural process through the placenta.
Passive Artificial Immunity - Correct answer✅✅ passive artificial immunity occurs when the client
receives an injection of immune globulin.
Healthcare acquired infections - Correct answer✅✅ Infections that were contracted after the first
health care contact or admission Usually passed along by the hands of the healthcare provider
Risk factors that impact the frequency and occurrence of healthcare acquired infection - Correct
answer✅✅ Immunosuppression, close living quarters that clients and residents share, prolonged state
of illness that many patients have, surgeries, and some treatments that clients get (e.g., placement of an
indwelling urinary catheter, chemotherapy, or the placement of an intubation tube.)
, Most common pathogenic microorganisms that lead to healthcare acquired infections - Correct
answer✅✅ E. coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans, and
enterococcus.
Primary locations for healthcare acquired infections - Correct answer✅✅ surgical wounds, urinary
tract, respiratory tract, and the blood stream.
Medical Asepsis - Correct answer✅✅ Infection control principle and practice that decreases the
spread of infection. Reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms and it also impairs the
proliferation and growth of microorganisms.
Surgical Asepsis - Correct answer✅✅ Eliminates all microorganisms. Applied when the skin isn't intact,
and when internal areas of the body are being entered, cared for, or treated. Used for wound care,
during all invasive procedures including surgical procedures and other invasive procedures such as
endoscopy for the administration of IV meds, for wound care, and the insertion of indwelling urinary
catheter as well as other internally placed tubes like central lines and peripheral intravenous lines.
Infection control precautions implemented by staff members - Correct answer✅✅ Hand hygiene,
Universal/standard precautions, special transmission precautions and isolation, personal protective
equipment.
Hand Hygiene - Correct answer✅✅ Most effective way to prevent the spread of infection and is done
with friction and regular soap and water or special alcohol-based hand sanitizing antimicrobial solution
for at least 20 seconds.
Universal/Standard Precautions - Correct answer✅✅ Infection control measures used to prevent the
spread of infection among ALL patients whether or not they have a known infection.
Types of Special Transmission Precautions and Isolation - Correct answer✅✅ Contact, droplet, and
airborne precautions.
Contact precautions - Correct answer✅✅ Prevent direct and indirect contact transmissions of
infectious pathogens like those found in infected wounds, infectious diarrhea, and infections such as
herpes simplex.
