EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
2026 TO 2027
1. standardized assessment
Empirically developed evaluation tools with established statistical reliability and validity. Requires all test
takers to answer the same questions in the same way. It is scored in a consistent way so that you may
compare performance of individuals or groups of individuals. Two types of standardized assessments:
norm-referenced and criterion-referenced.
2. Non standardized assessment
Informal assessment that therapists conduct to see where strengths and abilities are. Can measure skill or
progress, but do not compare to peers.
3. Normative-referenced assessment
Standardized tests designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another. Usually reported
as a percentile ranking
4. Criterion referenced assessment
Standardized tests that measure and individual's performance against a set of predetermined criteria or
performance standards. It is desirable to earn a perfect score.
5. V-P Hierarchy
Top to bottom (get bigger each layer down): -adaptation through vision -visuocognition -visual memory
-pattern recognition -scanning -attention=alert and attending -oculomotor control; visual fields; visual
acuity
6. Spatial relations
lthe ability to perceive the positions of objects in relation to oneself and to other objects. Tests objects
disoriented in relation to each other, such as figure reversals and rotations.
7. Visual closure
the ability to perceive a whole figure when only fragments are presented
8. Agnosia
inability to recognize and name an object using vision, can identify it when using tactile input
9. Areas of the MVPT (motor-free visual perceptual evaluation) and how they are assessed
Motor-Free Visual Perceptual is an ideal assessment because it does not require the client to have any
motor skills other than pointing to a designated answer if nonverbal. With this assessment a raw score is
obtained which is then converted to a standard score. Also includes a confidence interval and percentile
ranking as part of the standardization. Tests... visual discrimination: look at this, now find the one exactly
like it here visual memory: tested by having the person look at one object for 5 seconds, then the therapist
turns the page and must find it among 4 objects visual closure: Test asks, "If we finished drawing these
figures and didn't move any of the lines, which one would look just like the one on top"? spatial
relationships: Test asks, "Which one of these has been flipped over"? figure ground: Test asks, "How many
of this shape do you find here"?
10. Differences between skills assessed by the MVPT and the VMI (visual motor integration test)
MVPT does not use motor skills while VMI does. VMI is designed to identify deficits in visual perception,
fine motor skills , and hand-eye coordination.
1
, 11. What is convergence?
Oculomotor function; ability to maintain focus as an object moves toward you
12. Low vision
an impairment that interferes with occupational performance, cannot be corrected medically, but allows
some usable vision.
13. Cognitive skills such as executive functions
organizing info and regulating response. the ability to problem solve, plan, organize, make decisions,
establish goals, monitor work, and initiate and terminate tasks
14. Ulnar, median, and radial nerve distribution
15. Visual perception
ability to cognitively translate what we see into meaning; dependent on the integration of lower level
processes
16. Visual perceptual impairment may occur due to
deficits in foundational sensory or motor components which may lead to faulty learning
17. Visual perceptual hierarchy
higher level functions dependent on three basic visual functions - oculomotor control, visual field, and
visual acuity
18. Visual Discrimination
lthe ability to discriminate dominant features of different objects, including the ability to discriminate
position, shapes, and forms.
19. Visual Memory
the ability to recognize a previously presented stimulus item after a brief interval
20. Figure-Ground
the ability to distinguish an object from background or surrounding objects
21. Visual Closure
the ability to perceive a whole figure when only fragments are presented
22. Right-left discrimination
inability to discern the difference between L vs. R
2
2026 TO 2027
1. standardized assessment
Empirically developed evaluation tools with established statistical reliability and validity. Requires all test
takers to answer the same questions in the same way. It is scored in a consistent way so that you may
compare performance of individuals or groups of individuals. Two types of standardized assessments:
norm-referenced and criterion-referenced.
2. Non standardized assessment
Informal assessment that therapists conduct to see where strengths and abilities are. Can measure skill or
progress, but do not compare to peers.
3. Normative-referenced assessment
Standardized tests designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another. Usually reported
as a percentile ranking
4. Criterion referenced assessment
Standardized tests that measure and individual's performance against a set of predetermined criteria or
performance standards. It is desirable to earn a perfect score.
5. V-P Hierarchy
Top to bottom (get bigger each layer down): -adaptation through vision -visuocognition -visual memory
-pattern recognition -scanning -attention=alert and attending -oculomotor control; visual fields; visual
acuity
6. Spatial relations
lthe ability to perceive the positions of objects in relation to oneself and to other objects. Tests objects
disoriented in relation to each other, such as figure reversals and rotations.
7. Visual closure
the ability to perceive a whole figure when only fragments are presented
8. Agnosia
inability to recognize and name an object using vision, can identify it when using tactile input
9. Areas of the MVPT (motor-free visual perceptual evaluation) and how they are assessed
Motor-Free Visual Perceptual is an ideal assessment because it does not require the client to have any
motor skills other than pointing to a designated answer if nonverbal. With this assessment a raw score is
obtained which is then converted to a standard score. Also includes a confidence interval and percentile
ranking as part of the standardization. Tests... visual discrimination: look at this, now find the one exactly
like it here visual memory: tested by having the person look at one object for 5 seconds, then the therapist
turns the page and must find it among 4 objects visual closure: Test asks, "If we finished drawing these
figures and didn't move any of the lines, which one would look just like the one on top"? spatial
relationships: Test asks, "Which one of these has been flipped over"? figure ground: Test asks, "How many
of this shape do you find here"?
10. Differences between skills assessed by the MVPT and the VMI (visual motor integration test)
MVPT does not use motor skills while VMI does. VMI is designed to identify deficits in visual perception,
fine motor skills , and hand-eye coordination.
1
, 11. What is convergence?
Oculomotor function; ability to maintain focus as an object moves toward you
12. Low vision
an impairment that interferes with occupational performance, cannot be corrected medically, but allows
some usable vision.
13. Cognitive skills such as executive functions
organizing info and regulating response. the ability to problem solve, plan, organize, make decisions,
establish goals, monitor work, and initiate and terminate tasks
14. Ulnar, median, and radial nerve distribution
15. Visual perception
ability to cognitively translate what we see into meaning; dependent on the integration of lower level
processes
16. Visual perceptual impairment may occur due to
deficits in foundational sensory or motor components which may lead to faulty learning
17. Visual perceptual hierarchy
higher level functions dependent on three basic visual functions - oculomotor control, visual field, and
visual acuity
18. Visual Discrimination
lthe ability to discriminate dominant features of different objects, including the ability to discriminate
position, shapes, and forms.
19. Visual Memory
the ability to recognize a previously presented stimulus item after a brief interval
20. Figure-Ground
the ability to distinguish an object from background or surrounding objects
21. Visual Closure
the ability to perceive a whole figure when only fragments are presented
22. Right-left discrimination
inability to discern the difference between L vs. R
2
