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NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM WEEK 11 2026/2027 | Latest
Version | Already Graded A | Walden University
| Pass Guaranteed - A+
Which cellular component is capable of autodigestion when released during cell injury?
A. Ribosomes
B. Lysosomes
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi complex
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that can digest cellular
components when released during injury. Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis. The Golgi complex packages proteins for
secretion.
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A runner has depleted all available oxygen for muscle energy. Which process facilitates
continued muscle performance?
A. Aerobic glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
☑ Correct Answer: C
☑ Explanation: Without oxygen, cells rely on anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP,
generating lactic acid. Aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen.
Gluconeogenesis produces glucose, not ATP for immediate muscle use.
A patient has a genetic defect causing the sodium-potassium pump to function at only 20%
efficiency. What finding would the healthcare professional expect?
A. Cellular dehydration
B. Cellular swelling
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C. Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
D. Increased protein synthesis
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: The Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains osmotic balance. If it fails, sodium
accumulates inside the cell, drawing water in via osmosis and causing cellular swelling.
Dehydration, hyperpolarization, and increased protein synthesis are not direct consequences.
What causes the rapid change in resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential?
A. Potassium gates open and potassium rushes out
B. Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell
C. Calcium gates open and calcium enters the cell
D. Chloride gates open and chloride leaves the cell
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: The rapid depolarization phase is caused by opening of voltage-gated
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sodium channels, allowing sodium to rush into the cell. Potassium efflux causes repolarization.
Calcium and chloride are not primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization phase.
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A. The osmotic pressure is increased
B. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function due to decreased ATP
C. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium
D. Potassium shifts into the mitochondria
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Hypoxia decreases ATP production, impairing the Na+/K+ pump. Sodium
accumulates inside the cell, and water follows by osmosis. Osmotic pressure changes are a
result, not the cause. Oxygen does not bind sodium. Potassium shifts are not the primary
mechanism.
Which statement describes a characteristic of apoptosis?
NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM WEEK 11 2026/2027 | Latest
Version | Already Graded A | Walden University
| Pass Guaranteed - A+
Which cellular component is capable of autodigestion when released during cell injury?
A. Ribosomes
B. Lysosomes
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi complex
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that can digest cellular
components when released during injury. Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis. The Golgi complex packages proteins for
secretion.
,2
A runner has depleted all available oxygen for muscle energy. Which process facilitates
continued muscle performance?
A. Aerobic glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
☑ Correct Answer: C
☑ Explanation: Without oxygen, cells rely on anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP,
generating lactic acid. Aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen.
Gluconeogenesis produces glucose, not ATP for immediate muscle use.
A patient has a genetic defect causing the sodium-potassium pump to function at only 20%
efficiency. What finding would the healthcare professional expect?
A. Cellular dehydration
B. Cellular swelling
,3
C. Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
D. Increased protein synthesis
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: The Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains osmotic balance. If it fails, sodium
accumulates inside the cell, drawing water in via osmosis and causing cellular swelling.
Dehydration, hyperpolarization, and increased protein synthesis are not direct consequences.
What causes the rapid change in resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential?
A. Potassium gates open and potassium rushes out
B. Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell
C. Calcium gates open and calcium enters the cell
D. Chloride gates open and chloride leaves the cell
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: The rapid depolarization phase is caused by opening of voltage-gated
, 4
sodium channels, allowing sodium to rush into the cell. Potassium efflux causes repolarization.
Calcium and chloride are not primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization phase.
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A. The osmotic pressure is increased
B. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function due to decreased ATP
C. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium
D. Potassium shifts into the mitochondria
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Hypoxia decreases ATP production, impairing the Na+/K+ pump. Sodium
accumulates inside the cell, and water follows by osmosis. Osmotic pressure changes are a
result, not the cause. Oxygen does not bind sodium. Potassium shifts are not the primary
mechanism.
Which statement describes a characteristic of apoptosis?
