PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 152 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
2026/2027 - MODULES 1-7 AND LABS 1-8 COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
98 QUESTIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Analyze the integrated physiological mechanisms regulating cardiac output, gas exchange, and acid-base
homeostasis
2 Apply principles of neuroendocrine feedback and renal handling to predict clinical and laboratory
outcomes
3 Evaluate the structural-functional relationships of the digestive, lymphatic, and reproductive systems in
health and disease
4 Portage Learning BIOD 152 Anatomy and Physiology 2 2026
5 2027
6 Modules 1
7 7 and Labs 1
8 8 Comprehensive Examination Questions with Answers
9 Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
10 Applied Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
11 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
12 Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8 Review
ABSTRACT
Page 1
,This study document brings together 98 carefully worded exam questions drawn from Portage
Learning BIOD 152 Anatomy and Physiology 2 2026/2027 - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
Comprehensive Examination Questions with Answers, with the strongest emphasis placed on
Analyze the integrated physiological mechanisms regulating cardiac output, gas exchange, and
acid-base homeostasis, Apply principles of neuroendocrine feedback and renal handling to predict
clinical and laboratory outcomes, Evaluate the structural-functional relationships of the digestive,
lymphatic and and reproductive systems in health and disease. Every item follows the wording
style and level of reasoning you meet in the real paper, and each one is paired with a clear
rationale so the correct choice is never a guess. Work through the set at your own pace, mark the
questions that slow you down, then come back to them until the reasoning feels automatic.
Learners who revise this way walk into the exam room recognising the pattern behind the
questions instead of meeting them for the first time. Keep going - steady, honest practice is what
turns a difficult paper into a comfortable pass.
Q1 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
A patient with severe anemia (Hb 6 g/dL) has normal arterial PO2 and PCO2. Which
compensatory change would most directly preserve oxygen delivery to tissues?
A. Increased erythrocyte 2,3-BPG concentration CORRECT
B. Increased plasma bicarbonate reabsorption
C. Decreased alveolar ventilation
D. Decreased cardiac output
RATIONALE: 2,3-BPG binds deoxyhemoglobin and reduces its affinity for O2, shifting the
dissociation curve right and enhancing tissue unloading. Bicarbonate reabsorption affects pH, not
O2 affinity; decreased ventilation would worsen oxygenation; decreased cardiac output would
reduce delivery.
Page 2
,Q2 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
Which renal tubular segment is the primary site of action of aldosterone, and what
is the direct effect on potassium handling?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule; increases K+ reabsorption
B. Thick ascending limb; decreases K+ secretion
C. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct; increases K+ secretion CORRECT
D. Descending limb; increases K+ reabsorption
RATIONALE: Aldosterone acts on principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct,
increasing Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. The proximal tubule and loop of Henle are not
primary aldosterone targets for K+ regulation.
Q3 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
Following a large meal, which combination of hormonal and neural signals best
explains the inhibition of gastric acid secretion as chyme enters the duodenum?
A. Increased vagal tone and gastrin release
B. Decreased secretin and increased histamine
C. Enterogastric reflex, secretin, and CCK CORRECT
D. Increased motilin and decreased somatostatin
RATIONALE: Duodenal distention and acidity trigger the enterogastric reflex and release of
secretin and CCK, which inhibit gastric acid secretion and motility. Vagal tone and gastrin
stimulate acid; secretin and CCK are inhibitory.
Page 3
, Q4 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
In the cardiac cycle, which event occurs during the isovolumetric contraction
phase?
A. AV valves open and semilunar valves are closed
B. Both AV and semilunar valves are closed CORRECT
C. Semilunar valves open and AV valves are closed
D. Both AV and semilunar valves are open
RATIONALE: During isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure rises but all valves remain
closed, so ventricular volume is constant. AV valves close at the start, and semilunar valves
open only when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic/pulmonary pressure.
Q5 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
A patient has a tumor compressing the left primary bronchus. Which change in
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio is most likely in the affected lung region?
A. Increased V/Q ratio due to reduced perfusion
B. Decreased V/Q ratio due to reduced ventilation CORRECT
C. No change because of compensatory hyperventilation
D. Increased V/Q ratio due to increased ventilation
RATIONALE: Bronchial obstruction reduces ventilation to the affected alveoli while perfusion
continues, lowering the V/Q ratio and causing hypoxemia. Compensatory mechanisms may
redirect blood flow, but the primary effect is decreased V/Q.
Page 4
2026/2027 - MODULES 1-7 AND LABS 1-8 COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
98 QUESTIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Analyze the integrated physiological mechanisms regulating cardiac output, gas exchange, and acid-base
homeostasis
2 Apply principles of neuroendocrine feedback and renal handling to predict clinical and laboratory
outcomes
3 Evaluate the structural-functional relationships of the digestive, lymphatic, and reproductive systems in
health and disease
4 Portage Learning BIOD 152 Anatomy and Physiology 2 2026
5 2027
6 Modules 1
7 7 and Labs 1
8 8 Comprehensive Examination Questions with Answers
9 Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
10 Applied Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
11 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
12 Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOD 152) - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8 Review
ABSTRACT
Page 1
,This study document brings together 98 carefully worded exam questions drawn from Portage
Learning BIOD 152 Anatomy and Physiology 2 2026/2027 - Modules 1-7 and Labs 1-8
Comprehensive Examination Questions with Answers, with the strongest emphasis placed on
Analyze the integrated physiological mechanisms regulating cardiac output, gas exchange, and
acid-base homeostasis, Apply principles of neuroendocrine feedback and renal handling to predict
clinical and laboratory outcomes, Evaluate the structural-functional relationships of the digestive,
lymphatic and and reproductive systems in health and disease. Every item follows the wording
style and level of reasoning you meet in the real paper, and each one is paired with a clear
rationale so the correct choice is never a guess. Work through the set at your own pace, mark the
questions that slow you down, then come back to them until the reasoning feels automatic.
Learners who revise this way walk into the exam room recognising the pattern behind the
questions instead of meeting them for the first time. Keep going - steady, honest practice is what
turns a difficult paper into a comfortable pass.
Q1 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
A patient with severe anemia (Hb 6 g/dL) has normal arterial PO2 and PCO2. Which
compensatory change would most directly preserve oxygen delivery to tissues?
A. Increased erythrocyte 2,3-BPG concentration CORRECT
B. Increased plasma bicarbonate reabsorption
C. Decreased alveolar ventilation
D. Decreased cardiac output
RATIONALE: 2,3-BPG binds deoxyhemoglobin and reduces its affinity for O2, shifting the
dissociation curve right and enhancing tissue unloading. Bicarbonate reabsorption affects pH, not
O2 affinity; decreased ventilation would worsen oxygenation; decreased cardiac output would
reduce delivery.
Page 2
,Q2 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
Which renal tubular segment is the primary site of action of aldosterone, and what
is the direct effect on potassium handling?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule; increases K+ reabsorption
B. Thick ascending limb; decreases K+ secretion
C. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct; increases K+ secretion CORRECT
D. Descending limb; increases K+ reabsorption
RATIONALE: Aldosterone acts on principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct,
increasing Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. The proximal tubule and loop of Henle are not
primary aldosterone targets for K+ regulation.
Q3 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
Following a large meal, which combination of hormonal and neural signals best
explains the inhibition of gastric acid secretion as chyme enters the duodenum?
A. Increased vagal tone and gastrin release
B. Decreased secretin and increased histamine
C. Enterogastric reflex, secretin, and CCK CORRECT
D. Increased motilin and decreased somatostatin
RATIONALE: Duodenal distention and acidity trigger the enterogastric reflex and release of
secretin and CCK, which inhibit gastric acid secretion and motility. Vagal tone and gastrin
stimulate acid; secretin and CCK are inhibitory.
Page 3
, Q4 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
In the cardiac cycle, which event occurs during the isovolumetric contraction
phase?
A. AV valves open and semilunar valves are closed
B. Both AV and semilunar valves are closed CORRECT
C. Semilunar valves open and AV valves are closed
D. Both AV and semilunar valves are open
RATIONALE: During isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure rises but all valves remain
closed, so ventricular volume is constant. AV valves close at the start, and semilunar valves
open only when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic/pulmonary pressure.
Q5 ANALYZE THE INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS REGULATING CARDIAC
OUTPUT, GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
A patient has a tumor compressing the left primary bronchus. Which change in
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio is most likely in the affected lung region?
A. Increased V/Q ratio due to reduced perfusion
B. Decreased V/Q ratio due to reduced ventilation CORRECT
C. No change because of compensatory hyperventilation
D. Increased V/Q ratio due to increased ventilation
RATIONALE: Bronchial obstruction reduces ventilation to the affected alveoli while perfusion
continues, lowering the V/Q ratio and causing hypoxemia. Compensatory mechanisms may
redirect blood flow, but the primary effect is decreased V/Q.
Page 4
