CSD 110 Final Exam Study Guide
Questions Well Answered 2026/2027
Update.
Dysarthria - Answer motor-speech disorder
Phonological disorder - Answer speech-sound disorder
Voice disorder - Answer speech disorder
Stuttering - Answer speech-fluency disorder
Aphasia - Answer expressive-language disorder
Apraxia - Answer motor-speech disorder
Hypernasal quality with a cleft palate - Answer speech disorder
Dysphagia - Answer swallowing disorder
What does dysphagia mean? - Answer An impairment in the ability to chew or swallow solid
food and/or liquids
What problems are characteristics of dysphagia? - Answer Aspiration pneumonia,
Malnutrition, Dehydration, Decreased enjoyment of eating/socializing, Fear of choking, Social
isolation
What causes dysphagia? - Answer [Congenital disorders]: Cerebral palsy (most common),
Spina bifida, Developmental delay, Cleft lip and palate, Autism Spectrum Disorders, HIV / AIDS,
Childhood syndromes - [Acquired disorders]: Stroke, Cancer, ALS, Parkinson's Disease,
Dementia, HIV / AIDS, Spinal Cord Injury, MS, Medications, Depression and social isolation
What disorders are associated with dysphagia? - Answer ??
Why are we discussing dysphagia in a communication sciences and disorders class? - Answer
We have knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal
mechanism & many people with dysphagia also have communication disorders
,Who is mainly responsible for treating swallowing disorders? - Answer SLP (87%)
What are the phases of the normal swallow in order? - Answer (1) Anticipatory Phase (2) Oral
Phase (2.5) Oral Preparatory (2.5) Oral Transport (3) Pharyngeal Phase (4) Esophageal Phase
What are the key events in each stage of normal swallowing? - Answer (1) Anticipatory Phase
-Preparation before eating
-Hunger stimulated, salivation
-Senses play a role in stimulating hunger
-"Sets the stage" for eating
(2) Oral Phase
[Preparatory]
-Food is mixed with saliva, chewed and broken down to prepare it for swallow. The tongue,
cheeks, and teeth play a role.
-Food and liquid is gathered into a bolus (ball) on the center of the tongue.
-Soft palate prevents the bolus from slipping into the pharynx.
[Transport]
-Tongue propels the bolus back into the back of the mouth
-Swallow reflex is triggered
-Oral transport takes ~ 1 second +
(3) Pharyngeal Phase
-Velum elevates, bolus moves down pharynx, vocal folds close
-Pharynx contracts and squeezes the bolus down
-Food moves into the esophagus
-Takes < 1 second from the time the bolus enters into the pharynx until it passes into the
esophagus
(4) Esophageal Phase
-Food is pushed down into the stomach by peristaltic (wave-like) motions of the esophagus
-Takes: 8- 20 seconds
What phases of the normal swallow may be impacted by dysphagia? - Answer All of them
What might disordered swallowing look like, in each phase? - Answer (1) lack of food interest
(2) poor lip closure (drooling), problems chewing, dry mouth
(3) aspiration, nasal regurgitation, residue in pharynx
, (4) (if all if bolus doesn't make it to stomach) infection, malnutrition
What happens if the velum is down during swallowing? - Answer nasal regurgitation
Are swallowing disorders always apparent? - Answer no
What is aspiration? What is silent aspiration - Answer aspiration: food/liquid enters the lungs
leading to coughing after eating
silent aspiration: no cough but still food enters the lungs
What is video-fluoroscopy? - Answer Radiographic procedure that is videotaped by moving
picture X-rays of swallowing function
How is dysphagia treated? - Answer Modifications of...
-environment
-body/head position
-food intake
-oral-motor exercises/swallowing techniques
-medication
How can food and beverages be modified? - Answer -cold food and drinks to increase tongue
movement
-change bolus location to a stronger part of tongue
How might cold food or drink help a person with dysphagia? - Answer cold increases tongue
movement
Describe what modifications to food/drink can be made. - Answer -eliminate food/drinks that
are difficult to swallow
-change diet consistency (pureed or thicken liquids)
-decrease the amount of food in a swallow
How might the body/head be positioned? - Answer (1) If person has problem on only one side,
may tilt or rotate the head (to one side or the other) to help swallow
(2) Chin tuck helps prevent food/liquid from entering airway
Questions Well Answered 2026/2027
Update.
Dysarthria - Answer motor-speech disorder
Phonological disorder - Answer speech-sound disorder
Voice disorder - Answer speech disorder
Stuttering - Answer speech-fluency disorder
Aphasia - Answer expressive-language disorder
Apraxia - Answer motor-speech disorder
Hypernasal quality with a cleft palate - Answer speech disorder
Dysphagia - Answer swallowing disorder
What does dysphagia mean? - Answer An impairment in the ability to chew or swallow solid
food and/or liquids
What problems are characteristics of dysphagia? - Answer Aspiration pneumonia,
Malnutrition, Dehydration, Decreased enjoyment of eating/socializing, Fear of choking, Social
isolation
What causes dysphagia? - Answer [Congenital disorders]: Cerebral palsy (most common),
Spina bifida, Developmental delay, Cleft lip and palate, Autism Spectrum Disorders, HIV / AIDS,
Childhood syndromes - [Acquired disorders]: Stroke, Cancer, ALS, Parkinson's Disease,
Dementia, HIV / AIDS, Spinal Cord Injury, MS, Medications, Depression and social isolation
What disorders are associated with dysphagia? - Answer ??
Why are we discussing dysphagia in a communication sciences and disorders class? - Answer
We have knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal
mechanism & many people with dysphagia also have communication disorders
,Who is mainly responsible for treating swallowing disorders? - Answer SLP (87%)
What are the phases of the normal swallow in order? - Answer (1) Anticipatory Phase (2) Oral
Phase (2.5) Oral Preparatory (2.5) Oral Transport (3) Pharyngeal Phase (4) Esophageal Phase
What are the key events in each stage of normal swallowing? - Answer (1) Anticipatory Phase
-Preparation before eating
-Hunger stimulated, salivation
-Senses play a role in stimulating hunger
-"Sets the stage" for eating
(2) Oral Phase
[Preparatory]
-Food is mixed with saliva, chewed and broken down to prepare it for swallow. The tongue,
cheeks, and teeth play a role.
-Food and liquid is gathered into a bolus (ball) on the center of the tongue.
-Soft palate prevents the bolus from slipping into the pharynx.
[Transport]
-Tongue propels the bolus back into the back of the mouth
-Swallow reflex is triggered
-Oral transport takes ~ 1 second +
(3) Pharyngeal Phase
-Velum elevates, bolus moves down pharynx, vocal folds close
-Pharynx contracts and squeezes the bolus down
-Food moves into the esophagus
-Takes < 1 second from the time the bolus enters into the pharynx until it passes into the
esophagus
(4) Esophageal Phase
-Food is pushed down into the stomach by peristaltic (wave-like) motions of the esophagus
-Takes: 8- 20 seconds
What phases of the normal swallow may be impacted by dysphagia? - Answer All of them
What might disordered swallowing look like, in each phase? - Answer (1) lack of food interest
(2) poor lip closure (drooling), problems chewing, dry mouth
(3) aspiration, nasal regurgitation, residue in pharynx
, (4) (if all if bolus doesn't make it to stomach) infection, malnutrition
What happens if the velum is down during swallowing? - Answer nasal regurgitation
Are swallowing disorders always apparent? - Answer no
What is aspiration? What is silent aspiration - Answer aspiration: food/liquid enters the lungs
leading to coughing after eating
silent aspiration: no cough but still food enters the lungs
What is video-fluoroscopy? - Answer Radiographic procedure that is videotaped by moving
picture X-rays of swallowing function
How is dysphagia treated? - Answer Modifications of...
-environment
-body/head position
-food intake
-oral-motor exercises/swallowing techniques
-medication
How can food and beverages be modified? - Answer -cold food and drinks to increase tongue
movement
-change bolus location to a stronger part of tongue
How might cold food or drink help a person with dysphagia? - Answer cold increases tongue
movement
Describe what modifications to food/drink can be made. - Answer -eliminate food/drinks that
are difficult to swallow
-change diet consistency (pureed or thicken liquids)
-decrease the amount of food in a swallow
How might the body/head be positioned? - Answer (1) If person has problem on only one side,
may tilt or rotate the head (to one side or the other) to help swallow
(2) Chin tuck helps prevent food/liquid from entering airway
