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, Dorothea Dix Advocated for mentally ill; recruited nurses in Civil War.
Mary Breckenridge Established Frontier Nursing Service; pioneer in midwifery
Anna Mae Hayes First woman Brigadier General; reformed Army Nurse Corps.
Frances Payne Bolton Helped pass the Bolton Act; funded nursing education.
Roman Era/Nursing Military campaigns created mobile war nurses and the first field hospitals. Large
aqueducts, bathhouses, and sewers improved sanitation. Nursing extended beyond the
family.
Industrial Revolution/Nursing Overcrowding → poor sanitation → disease spread. Chadwick Report (England):
unsanitary labor conditions → first boards of health. Shattuck Report (Boston): high infant
mortality → public health reform and education.
Dorothea Dix Advocated for mentally ill; organized Union Army nurses.
Anna May Hayes First female Brigadier General; policy reformer Army Nurse Corps.
Mary Breckinridge Pioneer in midwifery; founded Frontier Nursing Service.
Types of Nursing Programs Diploma (3 yr), Associate (2 yr, post-WWII shortage), Baccalaureate (4 yr). RN-BSN and
Accelerated Programs.
Definition of Theory Organized system of statements addressing significant questions within a discipline.
Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring - mind, body, spirit connection. Ten caritas processes; authentic
nurse-patient presence.
Benner - Novice to Expert Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert. Progression from
rule-based behavior to intuitive, contextual practice.
Metaparadigm of Nursing Person, Environment, Health, Nursing = core concepts. Describes the person in their
environment along the health-illness continuum.