NU 641 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1
MASTER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
AND EXPLANATIONS | LATEST - REGIS
1. A patient is diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus. The transition of stratified squamous
epithelium to columnar epithelium in the esophagus is an example of which cellular
adaptation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, often in response to chronic irritation.
2. During hypoxic cell injury, what is the primary cause of cellular swelling?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
C. Decreased osmotic pressure in the interstitial space
,D. Activation of the complement system
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to decreased ATP, causing the Na+/K+ pump to
fail. Sodium accumulates inside the cell, pulling water in by osmosis.
3. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with the brain and results from ischemic
injury to neurons and glial cells?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because the cells are
rich in digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
4. In the process of apoptosis, which enzymes are activated to carry out the ‘execution’ phase
of programmed cell death?
A. Kinases
B. Caspases
C. Proteases
D. Amylases
, Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Caspases are a family of aspartic acid-specific enzymes that act
in a cascade to dismantle the cell during apoptosis.
5. A 55-year-old male presents with myocardial infarction. The subsequent release of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) during the restoration of blood flow is known as:
A. Ischemic adaptation
B. Autophagy
C. Free radical quenching
D. Reperfusion injury
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when oxygen is reintroduced to
ischemic tissues, leading to the formation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates.
6. Which genetic principle explains why some individuals with a dominant disease-causing
mutation do not express the phenotype?
A. Expressivity
B. Polyploidy
C. Penetrance
D. Mosaicism
Answer: C
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1
MASTER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
AND EXPLANATIONS | LATEST - REGIS
1. A patient is diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus. The transition of stratified squamous
epithelium to columnar epithelium in the esophagus is an example of which cellular
adaptation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, often in response to chronic irritation.
2. During hypoxic cell injury, what is the primary cause of cellular swelling?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
C. Decreased osmotic pressure in the interstitial space
,D. Activation of the complement system
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to decreased ATP, causing the Na+/K+ pump to
fail. Sodium accumulates inside the cell, pulling water in by osmosis.
3. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with the brain and results from ischemic
injury to neurons and glial cells?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because the cells are
rich in digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
4. In the process of apoptosis, which enzymes are activated to carry out the ‘execution’ phase
of programmed cell death?
A. Kinases
B. Caspases
C. Proteases
D. Amylases
, Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Caspases are a family of aspartic acid-specific enzymes that act
in a cascade to dismantle the cell during apoptosis.
5. A 55-year-old male presents with myocardial infarction. The subsequent release of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) during the restoration of blood flow is known as:
A. Ischemic adaptation
B. Autophagy
C. Free radical quenching
D. Reperfusion injury
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when oxygen is reintroduced to
ischemic tissues, leading to the formation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates.
6. Which genetic principle explains why some individuals with a dominant disease-causing
mutation do not express the phenotype?
A. Expressivity
B. Polyploidy
C. Penetrance
D. Mosaicism
Answer: C
