HNG 540 EXAM 1 FULL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Pharmacokinetics.
Answer: what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion)
◉ Drug-Receptor Interactions.
Answer: Most drugs work by binding to receptors.
Receptors are located on the cell surface.
The drug molecule must "fit" into the receptor.
Like a lock and key mechanism
◉ Drug-Receptor Binding.
Answer: Drug-receptor binding is reversible.
Other substances can "un-bind" a drug, leaving more free drug to
circulate
Drug-receptor binding is selective.
Drug-receptor binding is graded.
The more receptors filled, the greater the pharmacological response.
,Drugs that bind to receptors may be agonists (enhances the activity
of the cell), partial agonists, or antagonistic (interferes with activity
of the cell)
◉ How Drug Dose Is Determined.
Answer: Dose-response relationship
Therapeutic index
Plasma level profile
Half life
Bioavailability
◉ drug dose relationship.
Answer: Dose-response curve: depicts the relation between drug
dose and magnitude of effect
Doses below the curve do not produce a pharmacological response.
Doses above the curve do not produce much additional
pharmacological response.
May have unwanted effects → toxicity
◉ Drug bioavailability.
Answer: Percentage of drug that is absorbed and available to reach
the target tissues
, By definition, when a medication is administered IV, its
bioavailability is 100%.
When a medication is administered via other routes (e.g., PO), its
bioavailability decreases due to incomplete absorption and first-
pass metabolism.
◉ first pass metabolism.
Answer: Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug
before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug
has been taken orally.
◉ Half-life of a medication.
Answer: the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be
eliminated. Liver and kidney disease, aging, absence of food, and
slowed metabolic rate prolong half-life because of their effects on
metabolism and excretion.
helps determine how often the medication is to be administered
◉ steady state.
Answer: The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed
via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each
dose.
It usually takes 4 to 5 ½ half-lives [t ½ ] to get to steady state blood
levels.
- Loading dose (for drugs with very long half lives)
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Pharmacokinetics.
Answer: what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion)
◉ Drug-Receptor Interactions.
Answer: Most drugs work by binding to receptors.
Receptors are located on the cell surface.
The drug molecule must "fit" into the receptor.
Like a lock and key mechanism
◉ Drug-Receptor Binding.
Answer: Drug-receptor binding is reversible.
Other substances can "un-bind" a drug, leaving more free drug to
circulate
Drug-receptor binding is selective.
Drug-receptor binding is graded.
The more receptors filled, the greater the pharmacological response.
,Drugs that bind to receptors may be agonists (enhances the activity
of the cell), partial agonists, or antagonistic (interferes with activity
of the cell)
◉ How Drug Dose Is Determined.
Answer: Dose-response relationship
Therapeutic index
Plasma level profile
Half life
Bioavailability
◉ drug dose relationship.
Answer: Dose-response curve: depicts the relation between drug
dose and magnitude of effect
Doses below the curve do not produce a pharmacological response.
Doses above the curve do not produce much additional
pharmacological response.
May have unwanted effects → toxicity
◉ Drug bioavailability.
Answer: Percentage of drug that is absorbed and available to reach
the target tissues
, By definition, when a medication is administered IV, its
bioavailability is 100%.
When a medication is administered via other routes (e.g., PO), its
bioavailability decreases due to incomplete absorption and first-
pass metabolism.
◉ first pass metabolism.
Answer: Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug
before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug
has been taken orally.
◉ Half-life of a medication.
Answer: the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be
eliminated. Liver and kidney disease, aging, absence of food, and
slowed metabolic rate prolong half-life because of their effects on
metabolism and excretion.
helps determine how often the medication is to be administered
◉ steady state.
Answer: The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed
via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each
dose.
It usually takes 4 to 5 ½ half-lives [t ½ ] to get to steady state blood
levels.
- Loading dose (for drugs with very long half lives)
