SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER NRMS 5190 |
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE | 100%
UPDATED FALL 2025/26, A+ GUIDE.
Core Domains
Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Inflammation and Wound Healing
Immunity and Immunopathology
Genetics and Genetic Disorders
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Respiratory Pathophysiology
Renal and Genitourinary Pathophysiology
Endocrine and Metabolic Pathophysiology
Neurological Pathophysiology
Introduction
This comprehensive examination is designed to evaluate the
student's mastery of pathophysiologic concepts. It assesses
skills in understanding disease mechanisms, clinical
manifestations, and the body's response to injury and illness.
The exam utilizes multiple-choice and scenario-based
questions to simulate real-world clinical challenges. Emphasis
,is placed on critical thinking, evidence-based practice, and the
integration of pathophysiologic principles into clinical
decision-making.
Section One: Questions 1-100
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in
the number of cells in an organ or tissue?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
🟢 Correct answer B. Hyperplasia
🔴 RATIONALE: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ, often in response to hormonal
stimulation or chronic irritation. Hypertrophy is an increase
in cell size.
Which type of cell death is programmed and does not cause
inflammation?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Ischemia
D. Infarction
,🟢 Correct answer B. Apoptosis
🔴 RATIONALE: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that
occurs normally and does not trigger an inflammatory
response. Necrosis is unregulated cell death that causes
inflammation.
A patient has a blood pressure of 160/100 mm Hg. Which
type of cellular adaptation is most likely occurring in the left
ventricle?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
🟢 Correct answer C. Hypertrophy
🔴 RATIONALE: Chronic hypertension increases the
workload on the left ventricle, leading to hypertrophy
(increase in cell size) of cardiac muscle cells.
Which finding is a classic sign of acute inflammation?
A. Fibrosis
B. Granuloma formation
C. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
D. Atrophy
, 🟢 Correct answer C. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss
of function
🔴 RATIONALE: The five cardinal signs of acute
inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling
(tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).
Which cell is the primary phagocyte in acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Basophil
🟢 Correct answer B. Neutrophil
🔴 RATIONALE: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute
inflammation and are the primary phagocytic cells.
Macrophages arrive later.
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions
and parasitic infections?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
🟢 Correct answer D. IgE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE | 100%
UPDATED FALL 2025/26, A+ GUIDE.
Core Domains
Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Inflammation and Wound Healing
Immunity and Immunopathology
Genetics and Genetic Disorders
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Respiratory Pathophysiology
Renal and Genitourinary Pathophysiology
Endocrine and Metabolic Pathophysiology
Neurological Pathophysiology
Introduction
This comprehensive examination is designed to evaluate the
student's mastery of pathophysiologic concepts. It assesses
skills in understanding disease mechanisms, clinical
manifestations, and the body's response to injury and illness.
The exam utilizes multiple-choice and scenario-based
questions to simulate real-world clinical challenges. Emphasis
,is placed on critical thinking, evidence-based practice, and the
integration of pathophysiologic principles into clinical
decision-making.
Section One: Questions 1-100
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in
the number of cells in an organ or tissue?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
🟢 Correct answer B. Hyperplasia
🔴 RATIONALE: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ, often in response to hormonal
stimulation or chronic irritation. Hypertrophy is an increase
in cell size.
Which type of cell death is programmed and does not cause
inflammation?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Ischemia
D. Infarction
,🟢 Correct answer B. Apoptosis
🔴 RATIONALE: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that
occurs normally and does not trigger an inflammatory
response. Necrosis is unregulated cell death that causes
inflammation.
A patient has a blood pressure of 160/100 mm Hg. Which
type of cellular adaptation is most likely occurring in the left
ventricle?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
🟢 Correct answer C. Hypertrophy
🔴 RATIONALE: Chronic hypertension increases the
workload on the left ventricle, leading to hypertrophy
(increase in cell size) of cardiac muscle cells.
Which finding is a classic sign of acute inflammation?
A. Fibrosis
B. Granuloma formation
C. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
D. Atrophy
, 🟢 Correct answer C. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss
of function
🔴 RATIONALE: The five cardinal signs of acute
inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling
(tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).
Which cell is the primary phagocyte in acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Basophil
🟢 Correct answer B. Neutrophil
🔴 RATIONALE: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute
inflammation and are the primary phagocytic cells.
Macrophages arrive later.
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions
and parasitic infections?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
🟢 Correct answer D. IgE
