BIOL 2401 Tarrant County College - Biol 2401 Final Exam
Review Questions | 2026/2027 | With Complete Solutions
-All preganglion neurons release Ach
-All parasympathetic postganglion neurons release ACh
-Sympathetic postganglion neurons release NE (most) or Ach
(some)
-Effect on target will depend on the type of receptor
Neurotransmitters Used:
Nicotinic (ACh Receptors)
-found on all postganglion neurons, the adrenal medulla cells,
and skeletal muscle cells
-Excitatory
Muscarinic (ACh Receptors)
-Found on all parasympathetic effector cells, sweat glands, and
blood vessels
-Effect depends on subclass (inhibits heart, stimulates GI
organs)
Alpha (Adrenergic Receptors NE)
,-Stimulates vasoconstriction and increases sweat
-Inhibits digestion
Beta (Adrenergic Receptors NE)
-Stimulates heart
-Relaxes airways
Olfactory Receptors
-Receptors located in epithelium covering cribriform plate and
superior nasal concha
Olfactory Receptor
10-100 million Bipolar neurons Receptors on hairs
Supporting cell
Insulate the olfactory cells Have cilia to move mucus
Basal Cell
Stem cell to make more olfactory neurons
Smell Physiology
Ordorant binds receptor → Axons of
olfactory neurons send axons through
cribriform plate → synapse in olfactory
bulb → olfactory tract → olfactory
cortex (and limbic system)
Taste
-Triggers reflexes that prepare the GI tract for activity
-Induce vomit if food is bad
,Receptor = Taste buds
-Located on tongue and oral cavity
-Tongue has 3 type of raised projections (papillae) and 2 of
these contain taste buds in adults
Fungiform papillae
-Scattered over surface of tongue
-Have ~5 taste buds each
Vallate papillae
-Form "V" at back of tongue
-Have ~100-300 buds each
Supporting Cell (Taste Buds)
Insulates and Supports the gustatory cells
Gustatory Receptor Cell
Chemicals dissolved in saliva bind to
receptors on hair Message is conveyed
to neuron
Basal Cell (taste buds)
Stem cell for gustatory cells
First order sensory neuron
Dendrite wraps around base of gustatory cell
Taste Physiology
, Tastant binds receptor → gustatory
cells transmit signal to neurons (cranial nerves→ medulla →
thalamus → gustory cortex (and limbic system)
Eyelids (palpebrae)
Protection, Shade eyes for sleep, Spread lubricant, Anchor
orbicularis oculi
Eyelash
Trigger blink reflex
Lacrimal Apparatus
Produces tears = mixture of mucus, antibodies, lysozyme
Conjunctiva
-Thin mucous membrane that lines inner side of lids and whites
of the eyeball
-For protection
Eye Ball
-Hollow sphere filled with fluids (humors)
-Has anterior and posterior poles
-Walls have 3 layers (tunicas)
-Lens divides sphere into anterior and posterior cavities
Review Questions | 2026/2027 | With Complete Solutions
-All preganglion neurons release Ach
-All parasympathetic postganglion neurons release ACh
-Sympathetic postganglion neurons release NE (most) or Ach
(some)
-Effect on target will depend on the type of receptor
Neurotransmitters Used:
Nicotinic (ACh Receptors)
-found on all postganglion neurons, the adrenal medulla cells,
and skeletal muscle cells
-Excitatory
Muscarinic (ACh Receptors)
-Found on all parasympathetic effector cells, sweat glands, and
blood vessels
-Effect depends on subclass (inhibits heart, stimulates GI
organs)
Alpha (Adrenergic Receptors NE)
,-Stimulates vasoconstriction and increases sweat
-Inhibits digestion
Beta (Adrenergic Receptors NE)
-Stimulates heart
-Relaxes airways
Olfactory Receptors
-Receptors located in epithelium covering cribriform plate and
superior nasal concha
Olfactory Receptor
10-100 million Bipolar neurons Receptors on hairs
Supporting cell
Insulate the olfactory cells Have cilia to move mucus
Basal Cell
Stem cell to make more olfactory neurons
Smell Physiology
Ordorant binds receptor → Axons of
olfactory neurons send axons through
cribriform plate → synapse in olfactory
bulb → olfactory tract → olfactory
cortex (and limbic system)
Taste
-Triggers reflexes that prepare the GI tract for activity
-Induce vomit if food is bad
,Receptor = Taste buds
-Located on tongue and oral cavity
-Tongue has 3 type of raised projections (papillae) and 2 of
these contain taste buds in adults
Fungiform papillae
-Scattered over surface of tongue
-Have ~5 taste buds each
Vallate papillae
-Form "V" at back of tongue
-Have ~100-300 buds each
Supporting Cell (Taste Buds)
Insulates and Supports the gustatory cells
Gustatory Receptor Cell
Chemicals dissolved in saliva bind to
receptors on hair Message is conveyed
to neuron
Basal Cell (taste buds)
Stem cell for gustatory cells
First order sensory neuron
Dendrite wraps around base of gustatory cell
Taste Physiology
, Tastant binds receptor → gustatory
cells transmit signal to neurons (cranial nerves→ medulla →
thalamus → gustory cortex (and limbic system)
Eyelids (palpebrae)
Protection, Shade eyes for sleep, Spread lubricant, Anchor
orbicularis oculi
Eyelash
Trigger blink reflex
Lacrimal Apparatus
Produces tears = mixture of mucus, antibodies, lysozyme
Conjunctiva
-Thin mucous membrane that lines inner side of lids and whites
of the eyeball
-For protection
Eye Ball
-Hollow sphere filled with fluids (humors)
-Has anterior and posterior poles
-Walls have 3 layers (tunicas)
-Lens divides sphere into anterior and posterior cavities
