BIOD 151 Essential Human Anatomy and
Physiology I with Lab (2025/2026 Portage
Learning Edition)
1. What is the study of the structure of the human body?
A. Physiology
B. Anatomy
C. Anabolism
D. Catabolism
Answer: B
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Physiology is the study of function.
2. The liver is an example of which level of structural organization?
A. Chemical
B. Cellular
C. Organ
D. Tissue
Answer: C
Rationale: The liver is an organ composed of multiple tissue types working together to
perform specific functions.
3. What is the breakdown of nutrients called?
A. Anabolism
B. Catabolism
C. Metabolism
D. Physiology
Answer: B
Rationale: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler substances,
releasing energy.
4. Which of the following represents the correct sequence from simplest to most complex in
the structural hierarchy?
A. Organism → Organ system → Organ → Tissue → Cellular → Chemical
B. Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
C. Cellular → Chemical → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
D. Chemical → Tissue → Cellular → Organ → Organ system → Organism
,Answer: B
Rationale: The structural hierarchy begins at the chemical level (atoms, molecules),
progresses to cellular (cells), tissue (groups of similar cells), organ, organ system, and finally
the organism level.
5. Which directional term describes the position of the elbow relative to the shoulder?
A. Proximal
B. Distal
C. Lateral
D. Medial
Answer: B
Rationale: Distal means farther from the point of attachment to the trunk. The elbow is
farther from the shoulder than the wrist, making it distal to the shoulder.
6. Homeostasis is best defined as:
A. A state of disease in the body
B. The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external
changes
C. The fluctuation of body systems away from a set point
D. The inability of the body to regulate temperature
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis is the dynamic state of equilibrium within the body's internal
environment, involving continuous monitoring and adjustment via feedback loops.
7. Which plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?
A. Frontal (coronal) plane
B. Transverse (horizontal) plane
C. Midsagittal plane
D. Oblique plane
Answer: C
Rationale: A sagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left portions; the
midsagittal plane specifically divides it into equal halves.
8. A patient is lying on their back, facing upward. This position is known as:
A. Prone
B. Supine
C. Lateral
D. Fowler's
Answer: B
Rationale: Supine describes the body lying face upward. Prone describes the body lying face
downward.
,9. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
A. Childbirth contractions
B. Blood clotting
C. Regulation of body temperature
D. Lactation
Answer: C
Rationale: Negative feedback mechanisms reverse a stimulus to maintain homeostasis. If
body temperature rises, the body responds by sweating to cool down.
10. Which organelle is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it generates
ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which converts nutrients
(glucose) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
11. The process of movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration is called:
A. Diffusion
B. Active Transport
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration
Answer: C
Rationale: Osmosis is the specific term for the passive movement of water across a
membrane down its own concentration gradient.
12. Which body cavity contains the brain?
A. Vertebral cavity
B. Cranial cavity
C. Thoracic cavity
D. Pelvic cavity
Answer: B
Rationale: The cranial cavity is formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain.
13. The heart is located in which specific cavity?
A. Pleural cavity
B. Abdominal cavity
, C. Pelvic cavity
D. Pericardial cavity
Answer: D
Rationale: Within the thoracic cavity, the heart is specifically enclosed by the pericardial
cavity.
14. Which of the following describes the anatomical position?
A. Standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms facing forward
B. Standing upright, feet together, palms facing backward
C. Lying face down with arms at the sides
D. Lying face up with feet shoulder-width apart
Answer: A
Rationale: The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing the body: standing
erect, facing the observer, with feet flat and palms forward.
15. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
A. Sagittal plane
B. Transverse plane
C. Frontal plane
D. Midsagittal plane
Answer: B
Rationale: The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) portions.
16. The wrist is _____ to the elbow.
A. Distal
B. Medial
C. Proximal
D. Superior
Answer: A
Rationale: Distal means farther from the point of attachment to the trunk. The wrist is farther
from the shoulder than the elbow.
17. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
A. Regulation of body temperature
B. Blood clotting
C. Regulation of blood glucose
D. Regulation of blood pressure
Physiology I with Lab (2025/2026 Portage
Learning Edition)
1. What is the study of the structure of the human body?
A. Physiology
B. Anatomy
C. Anabolism
D. Catabolism
Answer: B
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Physiology is the study of function.
2. The liver is an example of which level of structural organization?
A. Chemical
B. Cellular
C. Organ
D. Tissue
Answer: C
Rationale: The liver is an organ composed of multiple tissue types working together to
perform specific functions.
3. What is the breakdown of nutrients called?
A. Anabolism
B. Catabolism
C. Metabolism
D. Physiology
Answer: B
Rationale: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler substances,
releasing energy.
4. Which of the following represents the correct sequence from simplest to most complex in
the structural hierarchy?
A. Organism → Organ system → Organ → Tissue → Cellular → Chemical
B. Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
C. Cellular → Chemical → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
D. Chemical → Tissue → Cellular → Organ → Organ system → Organism
,Answer: B
Rationale: The structural hierarchy begins at the chemical level (atoms, molecules),
progresses to cellular (cells), tissue (groups of similar cells), organ, organ system, and finally
the organism level.
5. Which directional term describes the position of the elbow relative to the shoulder?
A. Proximal
B. Distal
C. Lateral
D. Medial
Answer: B
Rationale: Distal means farther from the point of attachment to the trunk. The elbow is
farther from the shoulder than the wrist, making it distal to the shoulder.
6. Homeostasis is best defined as:
A. A state of disease in the body
B. The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external
changes
C. The fluctuation of body systems away from a set point
D. The inability of the body to regulate temperature
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis is the dynamic state of equilibrium within the body's internal
environment, involving continuous monitoring and adjustment via feedback loops.
7. Which plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?
A. Frontal (coronal) plane
B. Transverse (horizontal) plane
C. Midsagittal plane
D. Oblique plane
Answer: C
Rationale: A sagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left portions; the
midsagittal plane specifically divides it into equal halves.
8. A patient is lying on their back, facing upward. This position is known as:
A. Prone
B. Supine
C. Lateral
D. Fowler's
Answer: B
Rationale: Supine describes the body lying face upward. Prone describes the body lying face
downward.
,9. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
A. Childbirth contractions
B. Blood clotting
C. Regulation of body temperature
D. Lactation
Answer: C
Rationale: Negative feedback mechanisms reverse a stimulus to maintain homeostasis. If
body temperature rises, the body responds by sweating to cool down.
10. Which organelle is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it generates
ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which converts nutrients
(glucose) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
11. The process of movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration is called:
A. Diffusion
B. Active Transport
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration
Answer: C
Rationale: Osmosis is the specific term for the passive movement of water across a
membrane down its own concentration gradient.
12. Which body cavity contains the brain?
A. Vertebral cavity
B. Cranial cavity
C. Thoracic cavity
D. Pelvic cavity
Answer: B
Rationale: The cranial cavity is formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain.
13. The heart is located in which specific cavity?
A. Pleural cavity
B. Abdominal cavity
, C. Pelvic cavity
D. Pericardial cavity
Answer: D
Rationale: Within the thoracic cavity, the heart is specifically enclosed by the pericardial
cavity.
14. Which of the following describes the anatomical position?
A. Standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms facing forward
B. Standing upright, feet together, palms facing backward
C. Lying face down with arms at the sides
D. Lying face up with feet shoulder-width apart
Answer: A
Rationale: The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing the body: standing
erect, facing the observer, with feet flat and palms forward.
15. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
A. Sagittal plane
B. Transverse plane
C. Frontal plane
D. Midsagittal plane
Answer: B
Rationale: The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) portions.
16. The wrist is _____ to the elbow.
A. Distal
B. Medial
C. Proximal
D. Superior
Answer: A
Rationale: Distal means farther from the point of attachment to the trunk. The wrist is farther
from the shoulder than the elbow.
17. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
A. Regulation of body temperature
B. Blood clotting
C. Regulation of blood glucose
D. Regulation of blood pressure
